(1985) Beekeeping in Chile. Apicultor, 1(1), 7. Original title or source: La apicultura en Chile. Corporate source: Apicultor. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200129 Beekeeping/Chile. (1986) Report on the markets for selected hive products in the United Kingdom, France and Italy. Prospects and developments. Geneva, Switzerland, International Trade Centre, UNCTAD/GATT. Original title or source: Note sur les marches pour les produits selectionnes de la ruche au Royaume-Uni, en France et en Italie. Perspectives et developpements. This publication contains many facts and figures for royal jelly, pollen and propolis that have not previously been collected together. For each of the 3 products the following are dealt with: composition and properties; harvesting and storage; main producing countries; uses, distribution and imports; names and addresses for the 3 title countries. Annex VI lists some addresses for other European countries; Annex VII gives a typical analysis of royal jelly imported into France. P. Walker. Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. Page(s): iv + 35 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100644 Royal jelly/as hive products/Pollen/Propolis/Hive products/ trade/Imports/UK/France/Italy. (1987) Beekeeping in EPAMIG [in Minas Gerais, Brazil]. Informe Agropecuario, 13(149), 60-66. Original title or source: A apicultura na EPAMIG [Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria de Minas Gerais]. EPAMIG, Caixa Postal 515, 30.188 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Brazil. Corporate source: Brazil, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria de Minas Gerais. Library code: Bc. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300848 Beekeeping/Brazil. (1987) Hygienic-sanitary and technological standards for honey, beeswax and their products [Brazil]. Informe Agropecuario, 13(149), 67-85. Original title or source: Normas higienico-sanitarias e tecnologicas para mel, cera de abelhas e derivados. Brazil. Corporate source: Brazil, Secretaria de Inspecao de Produto Animal. Library code: Bc. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301016 Honey/standards/Brazil/Beeswax. (1987) Beekeeping in Antigua and Barbuda, West Indies. St. John's, Antigua, Organization for Agricultural Development. A brief history of beekeeping in Antigua and Barbuda is given and a development project set up in Antigua in 1982 by the Meals for Millions/Freedom from Hunger Foundation is described. This was based at first on the use of Kenya top-bar hives, then Langstroth hives were introduced. Nectar sources are described and listed. The chief pests are wax moths, ants and frogs. The average annual honey yield is 120 lbs/hive [54.5 kg/hive], and there is a high local demand. Future developments, including a project begun in Barbuda in 1987, are discussed, and lists of beekeepers on the two islands are given. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 10 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100122 Beekeeping/Antigua/Agricultural planning/developing countries. (1987) Beekeeping: Malaysia research and development. Summary report 19831986. A final report submitted to the International Development Research Centre. Malaysia, Malaysian Beekeeping Research and Development Team. The results of this 4-year research and development programme are summarized under the following 9 headings: introduction, research highlights, hive management (hive design, bee selection, beekeeping under rubber), bee botany (flowering periods, pollen atlas, pollen in honey, pollination of cashew nut), bee nutrition, pests and diseases, honey analysis and pasteurization, extension, studies on Apis dorsata and pheromones. The objectives of the programme were to promote modern movable-comb beekeeping, to provide an effective extension service for promoting beekeeping as a subsistence industry of coconut and rubber smallholders, and to provide a nucleus of research support. An extension of the project is planned. D. G. Lowe. Malaysia. Page(s): iii + 77 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100120 Beekeeping/Malaysia/Agricultural planning/developing countries. (1987) Varroa disease. Madrid, Spain, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion. Original title or source: Varroasis. All the main aspects of Varroa jacobsoni anatomy, life cycle, diagnosis, symptoms, control methods are covered in this book. it also contains a 73-page section setting out Spanish and French national and regional legislation of special relevance to the control of Varroa infestations. D. G. Lowe. Spain. Page(s): 139 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101268 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/Spain/ Beekeeping/legislation/Books. (1987) Beekeeping industry in India: progress during 198586 under KVIC. Indian Bee Journal, 49(1-4), 58-60. Includes figures for honey and beeswax production, and discusses financial aspects. Corporate source: Indian Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101107 Beekeeping/India/Honey/crop yield/reports/Beeswax/management/ economics. (1988) Menthol: exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance. Federal Register, 53(228), 47810-47811. Menthol is exempt from the requirement of a tolerance for residues occurring in beeswax and honey, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, when used as an acaricide in overwintering honey bee colonies. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA. USA. Corporate source: USA. Laws and Statutes. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300576 Pests/of honey bees/Acari/Honey bees/control methods/Honey/ pesticide residues/menthol/Beeswax/Honey bee colonies/winter/ Food legislation/USA. (1988) Insegar and honeybees. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Obst- und Weinbau, 124(7), 188-189. Original title or source: Insegar und Bienen. Insegar (active ingredient the selective insect growth regulator fenoxycarb) has been provisionally approved for use against the fruit peel tortricid [Adoxophyes orana] in orchards in Switzerland. The timing of applications on apples is discussed, together with the results of laboratory and field studies on toxic effects on honeybees. Because of damage to bee brood, new recommendations for the use of fenoxycarb against A. orana on apples are presented. Corporate source: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Obst- und Weinbau. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200288 Poisoning/of honeybees/by fenoxycarb/Honeybees/Fenoxycarb/ Toxicity/to honeybees/of fenoxycarb/ Nontarget effects/ Tortricidae/ Lepidoptera/ Insect pests/ Beneficial insects/ Insects/ Pollinators/ Apidae/ Hymenoptera/ Fruits/Adoxophyes orana/apples/Switzerland/ control/growth regulators/Fenoxycarb/Apis/effects. (1988) Farm Products Grades and Sales Act. O. Reg. 399/82 Honey, as amended by O. Reg. 237/88. Ontario, Canada, Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Canada. Page(s): 14 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200301 Honey/legislation/Food legislation/Canada/Ontario/ Honey/legislation/Canada. (1988) Varroasis: the present situation. International apicultural conference, Trento, Italy, 910 May 1987. Trento, Italy, Consorzio Apistico Provinciale. Original title or source: La varroasi, oggi. Convegno internazionale di apicoltura, Trento, 910 maggio 1987. The 7 main papers presented at this conference are given here, in Italian, with English summaries. A number of speeches and other contributions are also included. The topics dealt with are: Varroa in Italy, German Federal Republic and Austria, and the methods of control used in these countries; problems and perspectives; morphology; climate and environmental influence on control of Varroa; the veterinary inspectors' code and revised proposals for [Italian] apiculture. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 143 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100249 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/Conferences/ Italy/Books. (1988) Honey bee diseases and pests. Publication, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food(213), 17. Corporate source: Canadian Association of Professional Apiculturists. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100227 Honeybees/diseases/Canada. (1988) Varroasis of the honeybee: a threat to agriculture. Rome, Italy, Fao. Page(s): 34 pp. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101269 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/Books/ Pollinators/ Natural enemies/ Beneficial insects/ Arthropod pests/ Insects/ Apidae/ Hymenoptera/Apis mellifera/ ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/hosts. (1989) Varroasis: a parasitic disease of honey bees. Leaflet, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK(P834), 4. Corporate source: UK, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300269 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/diagnosis. (1989) Bibliography on Asiatic honey bees and Indian apiculture (publications up to 1989). Indian Bee Journal, 51(4), 150-153. This bibliography contains 113 references for items published in 198089. India. Corporate source: Indian Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300416 Apis/species/bibliography/Beekeeping/India/Bibliographies. (1989) United States beekeeping directory. Issue III. USA. Page(s): 27 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200128 Beekeeping/USA/directories. (1989) In remembrance of Professor Carlo Vidano. Apicoltore Moderno, 80(5), 185-236. Original title or source: Ricordo del professore Carlo Vidano. This issue of the journal is dedicated to the well-known Italian apiculturist, who died in November 1989. Corporate source: Apicoltore Moderno. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200117 Beekeeping/Italy/Vidano, Carlo. (1989) The big picture. Honey production, the CCC and the Honey Board. Gleanings in Bee Culture, 117(9), 501-503. Graphs show the average honey yield/colony and the price of honey for 198688 in 8 regions of the USA. The results are compared, and the considerable effects of the Government buy-back programme are discussed. P. Walker. Corporate source: Gleanings in Bee Culture. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200230 Government organizations/USA/Honey/crop yield/reports. (1989) Dossier on migratory beekeeping. Carnets du CARI(23), 9-40. Original title or source: Dossier: transhumance. This dossier includes the following aspects: apicultural value of various nectar plants (including crops); characteristics of some unifloral honeys; pollination (including a specimen contract); equipment; value of crops benefiting by honeybee pollination. D. G. Lowe. Corporate source: Carnets du CARI. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200232 Migratory beekeeping/Belgium/Honeybees/hiring/Pollination/by honeybees. (1989) National workshop on bee and pollination research, Winnipeg, Manitoba, April 4-5, 1989. Winnipeg, Canada, Agriculture Canada. The objectives of this workshop were to achieve a consensus on research priorities over the next 35 years, to determine where this research might be conducted and to discuss plans for funding it. The workshop included reviews and discussions on aspects of pollination by honeybees, by Megachile rotundata, and by other pollinators. In all, 19 research topics are listed as recommendations of the workshop, and the minutes of the workshop are also presented. The statistics, reviews and discussions presented are contained in 24 Appendixes. D. G. Lowe. Canada. Page(s): v + 171 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En\ Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200366 Pollination/by honeybees/by Megachile rotundata/Honeybees/ Megachile rotundata/Domestication/CONFERENCES/research/Canada/ Books. (1989) Bees Act, 1987. Statutes of Ontario, 1987, Chapter 31 and Regulation 81, Revised Regulations of Ontario, 1980 as amended to O. Reg. 721/88. March 1989. Ontario, Canada, Ministry of the Attorney General. Canada. Page(s): 21 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En\ Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200113 Beekeeping/legislation/Canada/Ontario. (1989) Pesticide register 1988 (including plant growth regulators). Part 7. Effects on honeybees. Braunschweig, German Federal Republic, Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft. Original title or source: Pflanzenschutzmittel-Verzeichnis 1988 (einschliesslich Wachstumsregler). Tiel 7. Wirkung auf Bienen. The first part of this booklet provides data on products (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, acaricides, nematicides and growth regulators) that are hazardous to honeybees. The second part is on products (insecticides and acaricides) that are hazardous except when used at a time of day when honeybees have ceased flying. The third part is on products (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, acaricides, pheromones, growth regulators, additives and protectants against game) that are not hazardous to bees. An index to products is included. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 50 pp. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200292 Poisoning/of honeybees/by pesticides/Honeybees/Pesticides/ Apidae/ Hymenoptera/ Insects/ Beneficial insects/ Pollinators/ Nontarget effects/Apis/pesticides/effects/Insecticides/ Acaricides/Insect growth regulators/Pheromones. (1989) Insect pollination: a new field of attention. Groenten en Fruit, 45(20), 35-47. Original title or source: Insektenbestuiving: een nieuw aandachtsveld. This issue of Groenten en Fruit contains a feature on insect pollination. It includes articles on honeybee pollination of greenhouse tomatoes and paprika, and articles on the rearing of bumble bees and their use for pollinating tomatoes. The problems of insect pollination and the use of solitary bees are also discussed. D. G. Lowe. Corporate source: Groenten en Fruit. Library code: Bc. Language: Nl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200378 Pollination/by honeybees/of Lycopersicon/by Bombus/Honeybees/ Bombus/Lycopersicon/Greenhouse culture. (1989) APIMELL 1989 [Beekeeping conference]. Piacenza Economica, 15(3), 73-92. Original title or source: APIMELL 1989. The theme of this conference, held at Piacenza, Italy, on 12 March 1989, was 'Malattia delle api e produzione apistica' [Diseases of bees and apicultural production]. The papers presented were on the following topics: factors affecting the success of Varroa jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps clareae parasitizing Apis mellifera; efficacy of various acaricides used in NE Italy against V. jacobsoni and their effects on honeybees; new problems in protecting hives against parasites; legislation and the commercialization of honey in Italy. D. G. Lowe. Corporate source: Piacenza Economica. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200282 Conferences/beekeeping/Italy/Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/Honey/trade/Food legislation/ Apidae/ Hymenoptera/ Varroidae/ Acari/ Arthropod pests/ Natural enemies/ Insects/ Beneficial insects/ Pollinators/ Mites/ Laelapidae/Conferences/Diseases of bees and apicultural production/Beekeeping/Italy/Varroa jacobsoni/ control/acaricides/Tropilaelaps clareae/Apis mellifera/ ectoparasites/hosts. (1989) No. R. 2336. Regulations relating to the grading, packing and marking of honey and mixtures of honey intended for sale in the Republic of South Africa. South African Bee Journal, 61(3), 53-67. Corporate source: South Africa. Laws and Statutes. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200654 Honey/trade/South Africa/Food legislation/ Honey/regulations/South Africa. (1989) Technical papers: 7th regional beekeeping meeting of Castilla-La Mancha, Pastrana, 7-10 April 1988. Guadalajara, Spain, Excma. Diputacion Provincial de Guadalajara. Original title or source: Jornadas tecnicas: VII Feria regional apicola de Castilla-La Mancha, Pastrana, 7-10 Abril 1988. The 9 papers presented at this meeting dealt with the following subjects: honey in the past, present and future; queen rearing and selection; exports of hive products from Spain; control of Varroa infestations. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 115 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200863 Conferences/beekeeping/Spain. (1989) Beekeeping in the European Community; problems and needs, Pr (89) 26, P (89) 28. Brussels, Belgium, Comite des Organisations Professionnelles Agricoles de la C.E. Section A of this report gives a brief description of the beekeeping industry in the 12 countries of the EC. Figures are given for honey production, consumption and trade, and for numbers of beekeepers, numbers of hives, and average yields. Beekeeping is considered to be a subsidiary or complementary activity in some EC member countries, but it is an essential source of income for some 18000 producers. Economic and ecological implications are dealt with briefly. Section B describes the problems facing beekeeping in the EC. These are economic (e.g. an insufficient level of organization, an imperfect regulation of honey, high production costs and low-price imports), and technical, which mainly concern the spread of Varroa jacobsoni and poisoning resulting from the use of pesticides. Section C deals with the needs of European apiculture: improvements in statistics; a regulation to promote Community production as opposed to imported honey; production support and market organization; increased support for training and research; continued control of Varroa; protection of bees against unintentional effects from plant health treatments. The report concludes that initiatives are necessary in order to increase the political understanding of the importance of beekeeping, and honeybee pollination, to agriculture and conservation. The 7 annexes to the report give various statistics on honey production, entomophilous pollination, honey prices and standards. D. G. Lowe. Rue de la Science 23-25, B.P. 3, 1040 Brussels, Belgium. Europe. Page(s): 70 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201219 European Communities/beekeeping/honey/crop yield/reports/ Commercial beekeeping/trade/Pollination/by honeybees/in Europe/Honeybees/Europe/Government/support measures/ management/economics. (1989) A look at manufactured food products where's your honey? Wisconsin Badger Bee(July), 2. Corporate source: Wisconsin Badger Bee. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100288 Honey/uses/products. (1989) Foreign consumers view of honey. Wisconsin Badger Bee(June), 4. A synopsis of market research on the uses of honey in Japan, Saudi Arabia, and German Federal Republic. Corporate source: Wisconsin Badger Bee. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100289 Honey/uses/Japan/Saudi Arabia/German Federal Republic. (1989) The new GOST for honey. Pchelovodstvo(1), 45-48. A new honey standard, GOST 19792-87, came into operation from January 1989 for natural honeys produced in the USSR. Apart from cleanliness, taste and scent, there are 10 indicators of quality used, but the emphasis differs acording to whether the honey is for food or for medicinal use (especially as an antibiotic). Norms are given for water (21%), sugars (82%), sucrose (6%), diastase (7 units), HMF (25 mg/kg) and tin (0.01%), with certain variations for floral and honeydew honeys. Norms are also given for arsenic, lead, zinc, copper and antimony. GOST 19792-87 replaces GOST 19792-74 and in some respects alters it. D. Galton. Corporate source: Pchelovodstvo. Library code: Bj. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100276 Honey/standards/USSR. (1989) Living with Varroa jacobsoni. Yelverton, UK, Devon Apicultural Research Group. Page(s): 16 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100585 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees. (1989) Foul brood of bees: recognition and control. Advisory Leaflet, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK(P306), 4. Corporate source: United Kingdom, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100583 Honeybee brood/foul brood. (1989) Research to provide guidelines for future development of beekeeping in Bangladesh. Science and technology for development. 1st Programme. Tropical and subtropical agriculture. Research projects 1983-1986. Summaries of the final reports. Brussels, Belgium, Commission of the European Communities., 470-472. An apiary of 2 Apis cerana colonies was established at each of 5 sites in rice-growing areas of Bangladesh, and records of foraging activity, colony strength and available bee forage were made at intervals of 2 weeks from 1 July 1985 to 30 June 1987. Samples of pollen loads and honey were collected for later examination. At each site, the amount of foraging for nectar reached its peak in DecemberJanuary; at 3 sites a secondary peak occurred in February. Peaks of pollen collection tended to coincide with those of nectar collection. Foraging A. cerana were seen to visit 93 plant species, with many more bees seen foraging on Brassica napus than on any other species. Litchi chinensis, Cocos nucifera, Citrus grandis and Bombax ceiba received many visitors, and Moringa oleifera, Musa spp., Mikania scandens, Syzygium cuminii and Ziziphus mauritiana were also attractive. Species flowering and visited outside the main foraging period, which are valuable for colony maintenance, are listed. A mean of 3.0 kg honey/colony was harvested during the two seasons. Recommendations for planting bee forage are made, and it is envisaged that returns of 5 kg/colony (worth TK500) would be realistic. It is recommended that similar studies should be carried out in other areas of Bangladesh. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 470-472. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100530 Honeybees/foraging/Honeybee forage/Bangladesh/seasonal cycle/ Beekeeping/Oriza sativa/cultivation/Apis cerana. (1989) Genetic consequences on the local bee population of the arrival of the Africanized bee in Central America. Science and technology for development. 1st Programme. Tropical and subtropical agriculture. Research projects 1983-1986. Summaries of the final reports. Brussels, Belgium, Commission of the European Communities., 463-465. Original title or source: Consequence genetique sur la population locale de l'arrivee de l'abeille africanisee en Amerique Centrale. A preliminary sampling of worker honeybees from 66 colonies in 10 geographical zones of Costa Rica was carried out in 1983. Morphological characteristics measured included coloration, pilosity, width of tomentum, tongue length and some characters of wing venation. Statistical analysis showed a relative homogeneity in the honeybee population. A second sampling, from 6 'aggressive' colonies, was carried out in 1986 following the arrival of Africanized bees. The main genetic influence in the 1983 samples appeared to be from Apis mellifera ligustica, whereas in 5 of the 6 1986 samples the main influence was from A. m. adansonii; the sixth sample was intermediate between these two races. Future research possibilites are discussed. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 463-465. Library code: Bdo. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100497 Apis mellifera adansonii/Apis mellifera ligustica/Honeybees/ races/morphology/Apis mellifera/Costa Rica. (1989) The stingless honey-bees [Meliponinae] of Botswana. Beeline, Zimbabwe, 26(1), 10-14. Corporate source: Beeline. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100409 Meliponinae/Botswana. (1989) S.O.S. Varroa. Apitalia, 16(3/4, Supplement), 20. Original title or source: S.O.S. Varroa. Special issue on the biology, effects and control of Varroa jacobsoni. Corporate source: Apitalia. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100593 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees. (1989) Dossier on poisoning [of honeybees] and [pesticide] residues. Carnets du CARI(22), 13-36. Original title or source: Dossier: intoxication et residus. Corporate source: Carnets du CARI. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100603 Poisoning/of honeybees/by pesticides/Honeybees/Pesticides. (1989) The XXXIst International Congress of Apimondia, Warsaw, Poland, August 19-25 1987. Bucharest, Romania, Apimondia Publishing House. Part I of the Proceedings of the Congress includes details of the opening and closing ceremonies, exhibitions, competitions and various visits to places of apicultural interest in Poland; there is an 8-page section of colour photographs. Part II consists of abstracts or full texts of papers presented in the following scientific sessions: beekeeping economy, bee biology, Apis cerana (symposium), bee pathology, melliferous flora and pollination, beekeeping technology and equipment, apitherapy, beekeeping in developing countries. There is an author index and a list of participants. Versions of the Proceedings in French, German and Spanish are also available. Many of the papers are abstracted or listed separately in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. Page(s): 571 pp. + 8 pl. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100788 Beekeeping/CONFERENCES/Poland/congress/International aspects. (1989) Varroa jacobsoni and Acarapis woodi: dangerous parasites. Second instalment: treatment with Folbex VA. Bienenstich(15), 6-13. Gives step-by-step methods for treating colonies with Folbex VA (bromopropylate) amd Apitol (cymiazole). Corporate source: Bienenstich. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100932 Honeybees/acarine disease/control methods/Varroa jacobsoni/ Pests/of honeybees/Bromopropylate/Cymiazole. (1989) Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association. This book contains the texts of 116 contributions presented at the Conference, the Addresses given at the Opening and Closing Sessions, the names and addresses of participants, the Conference Resolutions, and Author and Country Indexes. The papers cover many topics of special importance to developing countries in the tropics, such as appropriate beekeeping equipment, education and training, management techniques, bee products, marketing, beekeeping in rural development programmes, bee forage and pollination, pest control safe for bees, pests and diseases, and Asian, African and Africanized honeybees. There are also 15 country reports. The Proceedings thus form a collection of research results, developments, reports and ideas that will be of interest to anyone concerned with beekeeping in developing countries. The majority of the papers are reported individually in Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. Page(s): xx + 529 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100786 Beekeeping/tropics/Books/Conferences/International aspects. (1989) Proceedings of Conferences on Social Insects. Volume 5. Report of the Annual Conference, London, 20-22 September 1988. British Section IUSSI, French Section UIEIS. Original title or source: Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux, Vol. 5. Compte rendu Colloque annuel, Londres, 20-22 Sept. 1988. British Section IUSSI, Section Francaise UIEIS. The 44 papers presented at this Conference comprised 7 on bees, 33 on ants, 2 on wasps, 1 on Dictyoptera and 1 on William Gould (who wrote the first book on ants in the English language). An author index, a subject index, and a list of participants are also included. The papers on bees are abstracted separately in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. Page(s): vi + 357 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En\ Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101030 Conferences/social insects/UK/conferences on/Books/ Hymenoptera/ Insects/Conferences/Social insects/UK/Books/ Apidae/Vespidae/Formicidae. (1989) Proceedings of the Workshop on Parasitic Bee Mites and their Control, hosted by the Institute of Pomology, Puawy, Poland, 27 August - 1 September 1987. Rome, Italy, Fao. The 23 papers presented at this international Workshop were concerned with Varroa jacobsoni, Tropilaelaps clareae and Acarapis woodi, and their texts are given here in full. The aspects covered, for each mite species, include history of its discovery, distribution, effect on the honeybee and control methods. The proceedings also contain situation reports for 17 countries, a list of participants and the 16 resolutions passed at the Workshop. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): vi + 308 pp. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101267 Pests/of honeybees/Acari/Honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/ Tropilaelaps/Acarapis woodi/CONFERENCES/International aspects/ Books/ Pollinators/ Natural enemies/ Beneficial insects/ Varroidae/ Arthropod pests/ Acarapidae/ Insects/ Apidae/ Hymenoptera/ Conferences/Workshop on Parasitic Bee Mites and their Control/ Acari/hosts/Apis/ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/Tropilaelaps clareae/Acarapis woodi/Poland. (1989) World honey situation [in 1989]. Foreign Agriculture Circular(FS-2-89), 26. Honey production in 10 major producing countries in 1989 is forecast to be 691373 t; revised production for 1988 was 687 255 t. Corporate source: USA, Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101212 REPORTS/honey/production/crop yield/reports/trade/ international aspects. (1989) Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference. American Bee Journal, 129(12), 811-826. The 1989 American Bee Research Conference was held at the Hoblitzelle Center of the Texas A&M Agricultural Experiment Station on 34 October. Abstracts of 39 papers presented at the conference are given, and addresses of participants are also listed. Items of special significance to current research are reported in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. USA. Corporate source: American Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101099 Beekeeping/conferences/USA. (1989) Beekeeping in the European Community. Its problems and needs. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 16(3;4), 159-170;239-254. Original title or source: L'apiculture dans la communaute europeenne. Ses problemes et ses besoins. Corporate source: Belgium, COPA/COGECA. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101102 Beekeeping/European Communities. (1989) Care of bees in heatwaves. Australasian Beekeeper, 91(6), 275. Corporate source: Australasian Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101293 Injuries/to honeybees/by heat/Honeybees/Heat/Feeding/water/ Hives/artificial ventilation. (1989) Potential for the introduction of chalkbrood disease into Australia in imported honey. Australasian Beekeeper, 91(2), 75, 80. Chalk brood is absent from Australia, although present in New Zealand, and some concern has been expressed that the disease may be introduced by means of fungal spores in imported honey, but there is little information in the literature about the likelihood of this occurring. In 1986-87, Australia imported about 100 t honey, and double this in 1987-88. Honey imports are expected to increase, especially from New Zealand. The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service has recently started to inspect containers of bulk honey. It is considered that pre-packaged honey is probably safe to import, but 'home-produced' honey from-small scale beekeepers should be prohibited. P. Walker. Corporate source: Australasian Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101260 Honeybee brood/chalk brood/transmission/Honey/imports/ Australia. (1989) Working group of the apicultural institutes in Western Germany. Report on the meeting at Mayen/Eifel, 57.10.88. Apidologie, 20(6), 491-531. Summaries of 20 of the 34 papers presented at the meeting are given (in English, French and German). Topics discussed were bee botany, bee products and their contamination, pathology and physiology. Papers of particular significance are reported separately in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. Corporate source: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute fur Bienenforschung. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ Fr\ De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101104 Beekeeping/CONFERENCES/German Federal Republic. (1989) The XXXIInd International Congress of Apiculture, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, October 22nd-28th, 1989. Bucharest, Romania, Apimondia Publishing House. D. G. Lowe. Part 1 includes details of the opening and closing of the congress, resolutions, and 9 pages of colour photographs. The second part gives abstracts in English, French, German and Spanish of the papers presented at the scientific sessions of the congress; for some papers, the full text is also given, in one of the above languages. The subjects of the 7 sessions were beekeeping economy, beekeeping biology, beekeeping pathology, melliferous flora and pollination, beekeeping technology and equipment, apitherapy and beekeeping in developing countries. There is an author index and a list of participants. Page(s): xxiv + 664 pp. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500851 honey bees/Apis/honey bee forage/bee diseases/developing countries/beneficial insects/conferences/beekeeping/Brazil/books. (1990) National standard for royal jelly. Nganh Ong(3), 18-19. Vietnam. Corporate source: Vietnam, National Standard. Library code: Bj. Language: Vietnamese. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300664 Royal jelly/as hive products/Hive products/standards/Vietnam. (1990) Beekeeping in Europe: honey quality and the market in '93. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Beekeeping in Agriculture, Lazise del Granda, Dogana Veneta, 6-8 October 1989. Rome, Italy, Federazione Apicoltori Italiani. Original title or source: Apicoltura in Europa: la qualita' del miele ed il mercato del '93. Atti del 5 Convegno Internazionale dell'Apicoltura per l'Agricoltura, Lazise del Granda, Dogana Veneta, 6-8 October 1989. These proceedings contain the texts of 7 reports on beekeeping, and particularly honey marketing, in Europe and Italy. Aspects covered include production, quality, effects of Varroa, marketing, legislation and standards, with particular reference to the unified European market of 1993. A round-table discussion on economic aspects of honey marketing (including exports and imports), and a regional assembly of beekeepers of Venetia are also reported. Three appendixes covering a national plan for beekeeping, beekeeping in the European Community, and a draft for Venetian regional beekeeping legislation, are also included. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 200 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300828 Beekeeping/Europe/Honey/marketing/Italy/conferences/quality. (1990) Honey and beeswax: a survey on the Netherlands and other major markets in the European Community. Rotterdam, Netherlands, Cbi. Part 1 of this report discusses the market for honey in the Netherlands. (Beeswax is treated in a very concise manner as its market is very small and offers hardly any possibilities for exporters in developing countries.) In the Dutch market there is a general consensus that there has been a growth of demand for honey by as much as 56% per year in recent years. Like most Europeans the Dutch prefer liquid honey, with a light amber colour. Figures for honey production and consumption are uncertain, but are probably about 250300 t and 7000 t, respectively. Honey is imported mainly from Germany, Argentina and Cuba. A number of developing countries export honey to the Netherlands, such as India, Zambia, Turkey, China and Guatemala. Most of the honey is brought into the Netherlands before being refined by specialized companies. Most developing countries are exempt from import taxes. Honey is imported by very few packers or importers, therefore there has been no point in undertaking large-scale promotion. In the rest of the EC there are no important differences from the Netherlands in the market for honey. Most honey is imported, mainly from Mexico, China, E. European countries and the old USSR. Trade channels, business practice and trade barriers are summarized, and information on organizations and trade fairs in the Netherlands and the EC is given. D. G. Lowe. P.O. Box 30009, 3001 Rotterdam, Netherlands. Netherlands. Page(s): 40 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300994 Honey/trade/Netherlands/European Communities/Beeswax/Books/ Honey/trade/Netherlands/European Communities. (1990) Balance sheet for the first 6 months of 1990. Vida Apicola(44), 4-5. Original title or source: Balance del primer semestre de 1990. Figures for Spanish imports and exports of pollen and honey. Spain. Corporate source: Vida Apicola. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301055 Honey/exports/Spain/imports/Pollen/as hive products/Hive products. (1990) Beekeeping on public land. Australian Bee Journal, 71(10), 14-22. This is a submission made by the Victorian Apiarists' Association (VAA) in response to an Issues Paper of the Department of Conservation and Environment, Land Use Policy Section. Data in the Issues Paper are considered to be inaccurate and are amended here. The VAA is strongly in favour of the present licensing system, but feels there may be difficulty in agreeing a fair licence fee. P. Walker. Australia. Corporate source: Australia, Victorian Apiarists' Association. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300853 Beekeeping/Australia/Victoria/public domain. (1990) Beekeeping. Wintering honey bee colonies. Quebec, Canada, Ministere de l'Agriculture, des Pecheries et de l'Alimentation. Original title or source: Apiculture. Hivernage des colonies d'abeilles. This is the second edition of a booklet first published in 1981. It contains advice for beekeepers in Quebec who wish to overwinter their colonies. There are chapters on colony preparation, indoor wintering and outside wintering, and also 5 annexes giving specifications and details for constructing a room for wintering up to 20 honey bee colonies. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 38 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300939 Beekeeping/management/winter/autumn/Canada/Quebec/Books. (1990) APHIS [USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service] proposes to OK New Zealand bee imports. Speedy Bee, 19(2), 1-2. Queens and package bees. Corporate source: Speedy Bee. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200154 Queen honeybees/imports/USA/Package honeybees. (1990) Chalk brood disease in Japan results from a questionnaire. Honeybee Science, 11(1), 3-10. Corporate source: Japan Beekeeping Association. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200254 Honeybee brood/chalk brood/Japan. (1990) 'Picking' with fibre optics. Sante de l'Abeille(116), 72-73. Original title or source: Picking a fibre optique. Device incorporating built-in illumination for facilitating grafting of honeybee larvae. Corporate source: Sante de l'Abeille. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200242 Beekeeping/management/virgin queen honeybees/production. (1990) Dossier on queen rearing. Carnets du CARI(24), 11-46. Original title or source: Dossier: l'elevage de reines. Corporate source: Carnets du CARI. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200239 Queen honeybees/production/Beekeeping/management. (1990) Guidelines for bee breeding. Codnor, UK, British Isles Bee Breeders' Association. These guidelines are intended to provide practical advice for beekeepers who want to improve their bees. Brief instructions are summarized, and equipment suppliers are listed. Five appendixes give supplementary information needed by breeders: 1, choice of breeder queens (for beekeepers without suitable bees); 2, methods of queen rearing; 3, queen rearing timetable; 4, queen marking; 5, practical considerations for a group breeding programme. P. Walker. Page(s): 18 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200238 Honeybees/breeding. (1990) The astuteness of the beekeeper. Belgique Apicole, 54(5), 133-134. Original title or source: Astuce d'apiculteur. A thermal paint stripper which operates by blowing hot air (at 320 or 500C) can be used without modification to uncap combs. It is used on its higher setting with the nozzle held about 15 cm from the comb surface. The framed comb is held or propped almost but not quite vertically and, starting at the top, the uncapper is passed rapidly in horizontal movements backwards and forwards across the surface. The operation, which is repeated on the other side, takes about 30 s per frame. The cappings cannot be recovered by this method. It is unsuitable for combs, or parts of combs, where the capping is touching the honey in the cell. P. Walker. Corporate source: Belgique Apicole. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200673 Honey/uncapping. (1990) Theme number: honey flow plants. Maandschrift voor de Bijenteelt, 92(6), 171-204. Original title or source: Themanummer drachtplanten. This special issue contains 21 short articles on nectar plants. Corporate source: Maandschrift voor de Bijenteelt; Bijenteelt. Library code: Bj. Language: Nl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200559 Nectar plants. (1990) Academic Festschrift to Dr. Karl Dreher on his 80th birthday, 30th December 1989. Biene, 126(1), 75. Original title or source: Dr. Karl Dreher zum 80. Geburtstag 30. Dez. 1989. Akademische Festschrift. This tribute to Dr. Dreher includes 12 contributions describing various aspects of honeybee research. Corporate source: Biene. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200478 Beekeeping/German Federal Republic/Dreher, Karl. (1990) Beekeeping as a possible replacement for cocoa cultivation in Bolivia. Avances en Apicultura, 3(1), 13-14. Original title or source: La apicultura como alternativa para la sustitucion de cultivos de coca en Bolivia. In areas where cocoa cultivation is prohibited. Corporate source: Avances en Apicultura. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200485 Beekeeping/Bolivia. (1990) Apicultural production in Uruguay. Actualidad Apicola(54), 10-13. Original title or source: La produccion apicola en Uruguay. Gives figures for honey exports 197089. Corporate source: Actualidad Apicola. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200568 Honey/crop yield/reports/Uruguay/exports. (1990) World honey situation [in 1990]. Foreign Agriculture Circular(FS-2-90), 28. Honey production in 10 major producing countries in 1990 is forecast at 750000 t; revised production for 1989 was 729762 t. USA. Corporate source: USA, Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200569 REPORTS/honey/production/crop yield/reports/trade/ international aspects. (1990) Report on the activity of the Bavarian Beekeepers' Association, Nurnberg, for the trade year 1989 to July 1990. Imkerfreund, 45(10), i-xii. Original title or source: Bericht uber die Tatigkeit des Landesverbandes Bayerischer Imker e. V. Nurnberg fur das Geschaftsjahr 1989 bis Juli 1990. Corporate source: Imkerfreund. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200859 Beekeepers' associations/German Federal Republic/Reports/ beekeeping. (1990) Healthy bees? Maandblad van de Vlaamse Imkersbond, 76(9), 34. Original title or source: Gezonde bijen?. Illustrated guide, in colour, to diseases of honeybee brood and adults. Corporate source: Maandblad van de Vlaamse Imkersbond. Library code: Bj. Language: Nl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200982 Honeybees/diseases/Honeybee brood/Pests/of honeybees. (1990) Precautions lower risk of Lyme disease. Speedy Bee, 19(7), 13. This most prevalent tick-borne disease in North America is caused in humans by the spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi, which is carried by deer ticks. Beekeepers may work in areas of high tick density and should therefore be aware of the danger. Methods of prevention of Lyme disease include: (A) use of tick repellents, (B) management of property to discourage ticks, and (C) self-inspection to locate ticks before they can insert their mouthparts into the skin. P. Walker. North America. Corporate source: Speedy Bee. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200877 Beekeepers/Lyme disease/North America/Spirochaetaceae/ Borrelia burgdorferi. (1990) Characterization of the flora and the honeys of Extremadura [Spain]: two aims of research in apiculture. Vida Apicola(43), 17-18. Original title or source: Tipificar la flora y las mieles extremennas, dos objetivos de la investigacion en apicultura. Spain. Corporate source: Vida Apicola. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200950 Honeybee forage/Spain/Honey. (1990) Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference. American Bee Journal, 130(12), 797-820. The 1990 American Bee Research Conference was held at the University of Arizona on 12 October. Abstracts of 53 papers presented at the conference are given, and addresses of participants are also listed. Items of special significance to current research are reported in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. USA. Corporate source: American Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200857 Conferences/beekeeping/USA. (1990) Western Germany bee research institutes seminar. Report on the meeting at Adelsdorf, 28-30 March 1990. Apidologie, 21(4), 323-377. Summaries of 29 of the 49 papers presented at the meeting are given (in English, German and French). Topics discussed included bee botany, bee products, bee genetics, physiology, pathology and breeding. Papers of particular significance are reported separately in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. German Federal Republic. Corporate source: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute fur Bienenforschung. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200858 Conferences/beekeeping/German Federal Republic. (1990) Proceedings of Conferences on Social Insects. Volume 6. Report of the Annual Conference, Le Brassus, 19-23 September 1989. Toulouse, France, Universite Paul-Sabatier. Original title or source: Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux, Vol. 6. Compte rendu Colloque annuel, Le Brassus, 19-23 Sept. 1989. The 43 papers presented at this conference consisted of 5 on bees, 29 on ants, 3 on termites, 2 on wasps, 1 on Coleoptera, 1 on Dictyoptera, 1 on spiders and 1 on the Huber family. An author index, a subject index and a list of participants are also included. The papers on bees are abstracted separately in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. Page(s): vi + 310 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201130 Conferences/social insects/France/conferences on/Books. (1990) Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Harmonization of Methods for Testing the Toxicity of Pesticides to Bees, May 1518, 1990, Rez near Prague, Czechoslovakia. Dol, Czechoslovakia, Research Institute of Apiculture. The Proceedings contain the texts or abstracts of the 25 papers presented at the symposium, a summary of the symposium, details of the opening and closing sessions, and a list of participants. The main areas covered by the symposium were harmonization of guidelines for assessing the hazard of pesticides to bees, use of national schemes using reports by beekeepers, development of laboratory and field methods for assessing hazards to bees, and the use of pesticides in the control of Varroa jacobsoni. Individual papers are abstracted in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. Page(s): iv + 143 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201369 Poisoning/of honeybees/by pesticides/Honeybees/Pesticides/ Toxicity/to honeybees/of pesticides/Laboratory methods/Field experimentation/Conferences/Books. (1990) Diseases of bees. Animal health in the eighties. Paris, France, Office International des Epizooties, 78-79. Countries from which Acarapis woodi, AFB, EFB, Nosema apis and Varroa jacobsoni were reported in 198089 are listed. Page(s): 78-79. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201331 Diseases/honeybees/geographical distribution. (1990) Proposals for specific measures to support the production of honey, the honey market and beekeepers' incomes in the Community, Pr (90) 18, P (90) 19. Brussels, Belgium, Comite des Organisations Professionnelles Agricoles de la C. E. Because of the increasing difficulties facing the beekeeping production sector in the EC, it is considered vital that a range of measures be implemented in order to safeguard the future of Community beekeeping. The immediate aid plan which is proposed would include payment of a pollination premium to all beekeepers applying for it, irrespective of the number of hives they own. This premium would help to protect the natural environment and ensure an adequate supply of honeybees for pollination. A premium to compensate income loss brought about by the absence of an agricultural policy that guarantees producers a remunerative price level would also be paid to beekeepers with over 150 hives. This premium would be based on average honey yields per hive. Long-term action is also required in order to guarantee the viability of the beekeeping sector. This would include improvement of product identification, especially the distinction between EC and imported honey, higher quality standards, harmonization of analytical methods, definition of bee-produced pollen, better organization and management and market research. The setting up of an advisory committee to coordinate these measures is proposed. D. G. Lowe. Rue de la Science 23-25, B.P. 3, 1040 Brussels, Belgium. Europe. Page(s): 9 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201218 Beekeeping/management/economics/Commercial beekeeping/ European Communities/honey/trade/Pollination/by honeybees/in Europe/Honeybees/Europe/Government/support measures. (1990) Feeding bees in winter with solid food. Beekeepers Quarterly(20), 16-17. Corporate source: Beekeepers Quarterly. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101221 Feeding/honeybees/sugar/Beekeeping/management/winter. (1990) Proceedings of Colloquia of All-Union Entomological Society, Section for the Study of Social Insects, 1st Colloquium, 2-8 October 1990, Leningrad. Leningrad, USSR, Co-ordination Council of the All-Union Entomological Society, Section for the Study of Social Insects. Original title or source: Materialy Kollokviumov Sektsii Obshchestvennykh Nasekomykh Vsesoyuznogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, I Kollokvium, Leningrad, 2-8 Oktyabrya 1990. D. G. Lowe. This book contains 31 of the 34 papers presented at the first colloquium of the Russian section of IUSSI. Some of the papers have a summary in English. The 6 papers on honey bees (Apis mellifera) cover foraging behaviour, development, effects of cold in winter, and lysozyme production in the hypopharyngeal glands. There are 3 papers on bumble bee (Bombus spp.) ecology, 2 on solitary bees and one giving details of work at the Institute of Apiculture at Rybnoe. Page(s): 215 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400359 Social insects/Conferences/Russia/Honey bees/Bombus. (1990) Proceedings of the 1990 fall Annual Conference, Apiary Inspectors of America, Tucson, Arizona, September 29 - October 5, 1990. Annapolis, MD, USA, Apiary Inspectors of America. D. G. Lowe. The proceedings of this conference give details of the officers, constitution, bylaws, responsibilities and duties of the Apiary Inspectors of America, and also include various brief research reports and news items. Some of the lengthier contributions concern aspects of current importance to beekeeping in the USA, such as pests and diseases, Africanized honey bees, allergy to stinging insects, imports of queens and package bees from New Zealand, beekeeping ordinances, Varroa jacobsoni, regulations about moving bees, and apiary inspection operating procedures. Page(s): ii + 168 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400836 Conferences/beekeeping/USA. (1990) Package bees. Experience obtained in this country [Argentina]. Industria Apicola, 1(1), 12. Original title or source: Los paquetes de abejas. Experiencias realizadas en el pais. Corporate source: Industria Apicola. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401243 Package honey bees/industry/Argentina. (1990) Commercial beekeeping in Tasmania. Australia, Honey Research Council. A. G. Matheson. In Tasmania, Australia, 70% of honey is produced from leatherwood (Eucryphia lucida and E. milliganii), virtually all of which is located on public land. An average of 822 t of honey and 13 t of beeswax are produced annually: currently there are 777 beekeepers owning 15 213 hives. AFB and EFB are widespread: oxytetracycline is fed to prevent AFB (the only Australian state in which this is permitted) and EFB, though there is considerable variation among beekeepers in disease prevention practices. Other diseases and pests include nosema disease, sac brood, wax moth, Braula coeca and possibly chronic bee paralysis. The report describes in detail seasonal colony management, hive and apiary equipment, honey processing and marketing and provision of pollination services. There is a useful summary containing recommendations for improvements in beekeeping practices. Appendices include detailed statistics, beekeeping legislation and lists of flora. Page(s): ii + 40 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500129 commercial beekeeping/Australia/Tasmania/beekeeping/management/honey bees/diseases/books. (1990) Report of the Honey Research Council Workshop, Review of nutrition work in Queensland and New South Wales, University of Queensland, Gatton College, Lawes Campus, 7-8 February 1990. Australia, Honey Research Council. A. G. Matheson. A workshop of 13 specialists reviewed research on honey bee nutrition, especially proteins. Eighteen reports were presented, on the role of protein in bee nutrition, fluctuations in bee protein levels in Queensland, practical methods of feeding proteins and carbohydrates, interrelationships between nutrition and disease, trials with adding isoleucine to bee diets, and research priorities. Page(s): 52 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500241 feeding/honey bees/nutrition/protein/conferences/Australia. (1990) Legislative protection of honey quality and promotional activity. International conference, Castel San Pietro Terme, 9 September 1990. Castel San Pietro Terme, Italy, Osservatoria Nazionale della Produzione e del Mercato del Miele. Original title or source: Qualita del miele tutela legislativa ed azioni promozionali. Convegno internazionale, Castel san Pietro Terme, 9 settembre 1990. Page(s): 59 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501056 honey/quality/food legislation/Europe/conferences/legislation/Italy/legislation/legislation. (1991) Beekeeping in Yugoslavia. Apiacta, 26(1), 30-32. This article includes the names of the main nectar-yielding plants in Yugoslavia, and gives brief beekeeping statistics. The Yugoslavian (or Slovenian) honey bee is Apis mellifera carnica. D. G. Lowe. Corporate source: Apiacta. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300126 Beekeeping/Yugoslavia. (1991) Recommendations for the use of menthol to control honey bee tracheal mites. Beelines(90), 3. Suitable dosages and times and methods of application are summarized. Corporate source: Beelines. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300248 Pests/of honey bees/Acarapis woodi/Honey bees/control methods/ Menthol. (1991) Zooming in on...Trinidad and Tobago. Beekeeping and Development(20), 9. Beekeeping statistics are given for Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago. Corporate source: Beekeeping and Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300131 Beekeeping/Trinidad and Tobago. (1991) First Varroa find in Ontario [Canada] as volunteers take on the job. Canadian Beekeeping, 16(7), 149. Canada. Corporate source: Canadian Beekeeping. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300584 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/Canada. (1991) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] Nepal. Beekeeping and Development(21), 13. Nepal. Corporate source: Beekeeping and Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300450 Beekeeping/Nepal. (1991) Dossier: European beekeeping. Carnets du CARI(30), 7-28. Original title or source: Dossier: L'apiculture europeenne. This dossier gives, for the 12 countries of the EC, statistics on honey production, consumption and imports, numbers of beekeepers and colonies owned, honey production per colony, and types of hive. The place of beekeeping in European agriculture is discussed. Addresses of beekeeping institutes and other organizations are listed. D. G. Lowe. Europe. Corporate source: Carnets du CARI. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300445 Beekeeping/Europe. (1991) [Seasonal] work by beekeepers for the integrated control of Varroa. Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung, 114(3, Supplement), 8. Original title or source: Arbeiten des Imkers zur integrierten Varroabekampfung. Corporate source: Switzerland, Eidgenossische Forschungsanstalt fur Milchwirtschaft, Sektion Bienen. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300585 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/control methods. (1991) German bee research institutes seminar. Report on the meeting at Celle, 26-28 March 1991. Apidologie, 22(4), 423-481. Summaries of 33 of the 40 reports presented at the seminar are given (in English, German and French). Topics discussed included bee botany, honey bee breeding and genetics, sociobiology and physiology, practical beekeeping, plant protection, bee pathology. Papers of particular significance are reported individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. Corporate source: Deutschland, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute fur Bienenforschung. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300441 Beekeeping/conferences/Germany. (1991) Beekeeping and its products. Piacenza, Italy, Associazione Provinciale Apicoltori Piacentini. Original title or source: L'apicoltura ed i suoi prodotti. This folder contains a 20-page booklet describing the Apimell 1990 conference, and 5 A4 leaflets, in colour, on various aspects of beekeeping such as honey, bee diseases and beekeeping in Piacenza. The Apimell proceedings contain papers on honey bee venom and its possible pharmaceutical applications by D. Sdraiati (pp. 6-9), and royal jelly and pollen as health foods by G. Bolchi Serini (pp. 10-13). D. G. Lowe. Italy. Page(s): 45 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300997 Conferences/beekeeping/Italy. (1991) Detailed intervention plan for the beekeeping sector. Apicoltore Moderno, 82(1;2), 11-42;85-91. Original title or source: Piano specifico di intervento per il settore apistico. The plan put forward by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture and Forests was approved by the Interministerial Committee for Economic Programming on 28 June 1990. It considers beekeeping in Italy in relation to Europe and the rest of the world, and then covers the national situation in some detail. The aims of the plan, and actions to be taken, are explained in detail, with reference to Italian and European legislation. P. Walker. Italy. Corporate source: Italy, Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300837 Beekeeping/Italy/Europe/Government/intervention. (1991) Research [stations or laboratories working on the honey bee or on its products]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 18(1), 37-58. Original title or source: Recherche [stations ou laboratoires travaillant sur l'abeille ou sur ses produits]. French organizations working on the honey bee or its products are described, with details of their history, current research programmes and scientific staff. D. G. Lowe. France. Corporate source: Bulletin Technique Apicole. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300854 Beekeeping/research/France. (1991) Bees. Microlivestock. Washington, DC, USA, National Academy Press, 363-370, 390-392, 424-426. The advantages and limitations of beekeeping with honey bees (Apis spp.) and stingless bees (Meliponinae) are summarized. The emphasis is on the use of bees in developing countries. The appendixes to the book give lists of beekeeping publications and addresses of individuals and organizations. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 363-370, 390-392, 424-426. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300826 Beekeeping/developing countries/Meliponinae. (1991) Honey bee pests a threat to the vitality of U.S. agriculture: a national strategy. Washington, DC, USA, National Association of State Departments of Agriculture. This report is the result of work carried out by a steering committee composed of several USA government agencies and industry groups. It is intended to provide information for use in securing funding to address the problems caused by pests and diseases, particularly those caused by the mites Varroa jacobsoni and Acarapis woodi, and by the Africanized honey bee. It proposes the implementation of a national strategy that would include increased research and extension programmes, public education, and national certification standards. The report gives an economic profile of the USA beekeeping industry and estimates the expected economic losses caused by honey bee pests. It also gives a budget for the financial resources that would be required to implement the proposed national strategy. D. G. Lowe. USA. Page(s): i + 14 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300971 Pests/of honey bees/Acari/Honey bees/races/Apis mellifera/ tropical Africa/USA/Beekeeping/government/support measures. (1991) Draft model honey bee certification plan [for the USA]. American Bee Journal, 131(12), 752-754. Proposals for regulating the spread by beekeepers of Africanized honey bee colonies, diseases and pests. USA. Corporate source: American Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301331 Honey bees/diseases/USA/pests/prevention/Beekeeping/ legislation/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/of honey bees. (1991) Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference. American Bee Journal, 131(12), 771-786. The 1991 American Bee Research Conference was held at the University of Arizona on 78 October. Abstracts of 39 papers presented at the conference are given, and addresses of participants are also listed. Items of special significance are reported individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. USA. Corporate source: American Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301212 Conferences/beekeeping/USA/research. (1991) Varroa mites detected in Manitoba swarm traps. Manitoba Beekeeper(Fall), 3-4. Varroa jacobsoni was found in two honey bee swarms captured on the Manitoba border (Canada) in 1991. The swarms probably originated in North Dakota. Canada. Corporate source: Manitoba Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301416 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/Canada. (1991) Zooming in on ... Sudan. Beekeeping and Development(18), 11. Facts and figures on beekeeping in Sudan. Sudan. Corporate source: Beekeeping and Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200868 Beekeeping/Sudan. (1991) A comprehensive list of references on Japanese honeybees, Apis cerana japonica. Honeybee Science, 12(2), 77-86. A list of 172 scientific papers, 17 books and 96 miscellaneous articles, mainly by Japanese authors, is presented. Author. Institute of Honeybee Science, Tamagawa University, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194, Japan. Japan. Corporate source: Institute of Honeybee Science, Tamagawa University. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201208 Apis cerana/Bibliographies. (1991) Dossier on selection [in honeybee breeding]. Carnets du CARI(28), 5-22. Original title or source: Dossier: La selection. Corporate source: Carnets du CARI. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201320 Honeybees/breeding. (1991) Zooming in on ... Mexico [beekeeping]. Beekeeping and Development(19), 13. Mexico. Corporate source: Beekeeping and Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201227 Beekeeping/Mexico. (1991) Apipuncture: a little-known practice. Ape Nostra Amica, 13(5), 15-27. Original title or source: L'apipuntura una pratica poco conosciuta. The medical uses of bee stings are reviewed, with 29 references. Corporate source: Ape Nostra Amica. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400302 Honey bee venom/medicinal properties/Honey bees/stings/as therapy. (1991) Bee disease order. Neue Bienen Zeitung, 2(1, supplement), 16. Original title or source: Bienenseuchen-Verordnung. The order BGBI.IS. 1409 of 19 November 1984 has had 6 amendments; the latest is BGBI.IS. 2207 of 6 December 1988. The current order is given here and pages 9-16 form a commentary on each of the clauses in the order. Corporate source: Germany. Laws and Statutes. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400094 Beekeeping/legislation/Germany/Honey bees/diseases/prevention. (1991) Report of activities of Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde Universitat Hohenheim: report period 19841990. Bienenpflege(3), 75-93. Original title or source: Tatigkeitsbericht der Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde Universitat Hohenheim (730): Berichtszeitraum 19841990. P. Walker. The work of the Institute at Hohenheim during this period is summarized under the following headings: management for building up colonies; instrumental insemination; feeding; honey; pesticide testing; honeydew flow observation and forecasting; rape flow tests; varroasis; list of theses and dissertations. Other activities of the institute are also mentioned. Corporate source: Bienenpflege. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400093 Beekeeping/research institutes/Germany. (1991) Comparative study on honey. Abeille de France et l'Apiculteur(762;763;764), 308-312;354-358;404-407. Original title or source: Etude comparative sur le miel. P. Walker. In this comparative study of honey consumption in France, Germany and Spain, answers to a questionnaire were analysed and the results are tabulated here. The information includes: Where honey was bought, how often and when eaten and in what form, weight eaten, characteristics of the honey and its origin, age and occupation of the respondents. Corporate source: Abeille de France et l'Apiculteur. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400966 Honey/consumption/France/Germany/Spain. (1991) Varroa. Sante de l'Abeille(December, Special number), 44. Original title or source: La varroase. P. Walker. This special issue of La Sante de l'Abeille includes papers on the following subjects: Varroa jacobsoni in France (J. P. Faucon); biology of Varroa jacobsoni (G. Arnold); honey bee diseases associated with varroa (R. Borneck); treatment of varroa (J. P. Faucon and F. Pineau); biotechnical control methods (J. Vaillant); control strategy (F. Pineau); state intervention (M. Dubus); apiary management and prophylaxis (F. Pineau); residues of anti-varroa treatment products in honey and wax (R. Borneck). Corporate source: Sante de l'Abeille. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401298 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/France. (1991) Employment of plastic nets for the production and collection of propolis. Industria Apicola, 1(5), 30-35. Original title or source: Empleo de mallas plasticas para produccion y cosecha de propoleos. Corporate source: Industria Apicola. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401383 Propolis/as hive products/Hive products/Plastic nets/ collection. (1991) Commercial beekeeping in Western Australia. Kingston, Australia, Honeybee Research and Development Council. See AA 552L/90\0BA. G. Matheson. This is the second in a series of reports analysing beekeeping practice in Australia. In Western Australia there are 1248 beekeepers and 51526 hives: 87 beekeepers, with at least 200 hives each, produce 92% of the state's average honey production of 2454 t. The state produces 10% of Australia's honey, and 60% of its production is exported. Most honey comes from native flora on public land, and most beekeeping is migratory: pollen nutrition is normally adequate, and sugar feeding is not practised. No queen bees are imported to the state, and a government bee breeding programme aiming to provide quality bee stock is described in detail [see also Allan & Carrick, Australasian Beekeeper (1989) 90 (2) 72, 74, 78]. AFB is the most serious bee disease present, and the report details government disease inspection and compensation programmes, and beekeepers' disease prevention systems. EFB is not present in the state, so importation of bees, bee products and hive equipment is controlled by permit. Sac brood is also present, nosema disease is thought to occur but has not been confirmed, and wax moth infestations are adequately controlled by hydrogen phosphide (Phostoxin) fumigation. This report describes the hive and apiary equipment used, methods of product processing and marketing, and the provision of pollination services. It is a valuable analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of a beekeeping industry. Page(s): ii + 34 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500130 commercial beekeeping/Australia/Western Australia/honey bees/diseases/books. (1991) National workshop on economic viability of the Australian beekeeping industry, 30 April and 1 May 1991, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT. Kingston, Australia, Honeybee Research and Development Council and Australian Honey Board. A. G. Matheson. This publication reports on a 2-day workshop held to analyse the economic viability of the Australian beekeeping industry and to propose a strategy for increasing its profitability. Participants included commercial beekeepers from different industry sectors, scientists, beekeeping advisers, government officials and representatives of industry organizations. The 43 papers, which are given in full, cover production (including diversification and increasing efficiency) and marketing (including quality assurance). The 41-page summary documents the workshop's conclusions and details strategic goals and proposed actions. Page(s): iv + 321 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500137 conferences/beekeeping/economics/Australia/economic evaluation. (1991) World honey situation [in 1991]. Circular Series, Foreign Agricultural Service, United States Department of Agriculture(FS-3-91), 32. Honey production in 10 major producing countries in 1991 is forecast at 748300 t; revised production for 1990 was 734271 t. Corporate source: USA, Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500237 honey/crop yield/reports/international trade/trade. (1991) The acarine [tracheal] mite is now also in Denmark and Finland. Bitidningen, 90(11), 352. Original title or source: Aven trakekvalstret finns nu i Danmark och Finland. In summer 1991, queen honey bees which had been imported from California, USA, were distributed to beekeepers without a health check on the accompanying workers; these were later found to be heavily infested with Acarapis woodi. Corporate source: Bitidningen. Library code: Bj. Language: Sv. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500985 honey bees/Apis mellifera/parasites/Acarapis woodi/beneficial insects/pests/of honey bees/Finland/Denmark. (1992) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] the Solomon Islands. Beekeeping and Development(22), 11. Corporate source: Beekeeping and Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300851 Beekeeping/Solomon Islands. (1992) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] Jordan. Beekeeping and Development(23), 11. Corporate source: Beekeeping and Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300842 Beekeeping/Jordan. (1992) Mexican honey industry update. American Bee Journal, 132(1), 12-15. Honey production (forecast to be 52700 t) and trade in 1991. Mexico. Corporate source: USA, Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301315 Honey/crop yield/reports/Mexico. (1992) Abstracts of papers and bibliography on Asian honey bees 19791991. International Conference on the Asian Honey Bees and Bee Mites, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 9-14 February 1992. Bangkok, Thailand, Bee Biology Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, in co-operation with International Bee Research Association. The first part of this book contains organizational details of this conference and abstracts of the 115 papers that were presented. The second part (by E. Crane and P. Walker, pp. 140-198) is a bibliography of 515 publications based mainly on entries in Apicultural Abstracts during the period 19791991. Other sources were also searched, but popular accounts of Asian honey bees have been omitted, together with most publications on development programmes, Apis mellifera races of western Asia, and plant resources of the bees and pollination by them. The bibliography has 4 sections Asian honey bees in general, Apis cerana and allied species, Apis dorsata and allied species, and Apis florea and allied species and also an author index. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 203 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301197 Apis/species/Asia/Honey bees/Acari/Pests/of honey bees/ Conferences/Thailand/Bibliographies/Books. (1992) Garden plants valuable to bees. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association. Original title or source: Plantes ornamentales utiles aux abeilles. Translation into French of Garden plants valuable to bees (1981). See AA 1273/82. International Bee Research Association, 18 North Road, Cardiff, CF1 3DY, UK. Page(s): 76 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301301 Honey bee forage/planting/Europe/gardening/Books. (1992) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] Guyana. Beekeeping and Development(24), 15. Corporate source: Beekeeping and Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301225 Beekeeping/Guyana. (1992) Legislative decree of 27 January 1992, no. 109. Application of directives 89/395/CEE and 89/396/CEE concerning labelling, presentation and advertising of food products. Ape Nostra Amica, 14(3), 25-29. Original title or source: Decreto legislativo 27 gennaio 1992, N. 109. Attuazione delle direttive 89/395/CEE e 89/396/CEE concernenti l'etichettatura, la presentazione e la publicita dei prodotti alimentari. Affecting honey and other hive products. Corporate source: Italy. Laws and Statutes. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400237 Food legislation/Italy/Honey/labelling/Hive products/ Food legislation/honey/Italy/labelling. (1992) Relevance of honey imports into Italy in the increase in price. Ape Nostra Amica, 14(3), 10-11. Original title or source: Sempre rilevanti le importazioni di miele in Italia in crescita le quotazioni. Figures are given for quantities and prices of Italian honey exports and imports 19871991. Corporate source: Ape Nostra Amica. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400238 Honey/trade/Italy. (1992) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] Botswana. Beekeeping and Development(25), 15. Corporate source: Beekeeping and Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400102 Beekeeping/Botswana. (1992) 13th Meeting of the German-speaking section of IUSSI, 10-12 May 1992, in Blaubeuren, Heinrich-Fabri-Institute of Tubingen University. Programme and summaries. Tubingen, Germany, Universitat Tubingen. Original title or source: 13. Tagung der deutschprachigen IUSSI-Sektion, 10-12 Mai 1992 in Blaubeuren, Heinrich-Fabri-Institut der Universitat Tubingen. Tagungsfuhrer und Zusammenfassungen. D. G. Lowe. Abstracts of 44 papers given at the meeting are presented; some are in German and some are in English. The 5 main themes of the meeting were: population genetics and reproduction; foraging behaviour, orientation and recruitment; socio-evolution and interactions in the colony; physiology, development, parasitic relationships; behavioural ecology and faunistics. Twenty-five abstracts are on honey bees (Apis spp.), 8 are on other bees (Apoidea), 8 are on ants, 2 are on termites, and 1 is on social Hymenoptera in general. Page(s): 66 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En\ De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400360 Social insects/Conferences/Germany/Honey bees/Apis/Apoidea. (1992) German bee research institutes seminar. Report on the meeting at Lehnitz/Hohen Neuendorf, 24-26 March 1992. Apidologie, 23(4), 323-389. Papers of particular significance are reported individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. Summaries of 30 of the 47 reports presented at the seminar are given (in English, German and French). Topics discussed included bee botany and pollination, bees and plant protection, reproduction and instrumental insemination, factors affecting the capping of brood cells, bee genetics and biometry, bee diseases, biology of Varroa jacobsoni, treatment of varroa disease. Corporate source: Deutschland, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute fur Bienenforschung. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400461 Beekeeping/conferences/Germany. (1992) Legislation special [beekeeping, France]. Abeille de France et l'Apiculteur(767, Supplement), 30. Original title or source: Special legislation. Corporate source: France. Laws and Statutes. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400465 Beekeeping/legislation/France. (1992) Apiculture in New South Wales: situation statement. Australasian Beekeeper, 93(11), 448, 450, 454, 460, 464. Corporate source: Australasian Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400484 Beekeeping/Australia/New South Wales. (1992) Fallow fields and beekeeping. Abeille de France et l'Apiculteur(772), 261-262. Original title or source: Jachere et apiculture. P. Walker. As fewer fields are being cultivated and more are left fallow ('set-aside'), the Ministry of Agriculture in France has issued regulations concerning the uncultivated land. Firstly, pesticides including herbicides may not be used except for those approved as leaving no residues. Secondly, only certain plants may be grown on fallow areas, whether permanently fallow or being sown with a crop to be ploughed in (green manure). About one-third of the 33 permitted species are good nectar sources (some are also pollen sources) for bees, including 4 Trifolium species, Lotus corniculatus, Melilotus alba, Medicago lupulina, Vicia sativa, Sinapis arvensis and Phacelia tanacetifolia. Corporate source: Abeille de France et l'Apiculteur. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400539 Honey bee forage/planting/France/Land use/fallow. (1992) Queen storage. Manitoba Beekeeper(Spring), 12-13. Corporate source: Manitoba Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400570 Queen honey bees/storage. (1992) Varroa in the UK. Summary report update 29/5/92. Beekeepers News(56), 9-10. Corporate source: Beekeepers News. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400593 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/UK. (1992) Dossier: strategy, quality, at stake for world beekeeping. Abeille et le Miel(February (Special issue)), 32. Original title or source: Dossier: strategie, qualite, un enjeu pour le monde apicole. D. G. Lowe. This special issue of the journal contains 11 articles concerned with the quality of honey, particularly that produced in France. Aspects covered include trade, labels and labelling, organizations issuing certificates of quality, honey characteristics, legislation and marketing. Corporate source: Abeille et le Miel. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400642 Honey/quality/labelling/trade/Food legislation/France/ European Communities. (1992) Papers presented at technical seminar on honey standards, testing procedures and quality control, May 25, 1992, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. individual papers are abstracted separately in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. The papers presented at this seminar were: Beekeeping and honey sources in the United States, by R. A. Morse (p. 2-24); Quality evaluation of honey: role of HMF and diastase assays, by J. White (pp. 25-50); Hydroxymethylfurfural and diastase review for Saudi Arabia Standards Organization, by J. Probst (pp. 52-62). Page(s): 62 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400645 Honey/quality/Conferences/Saudi Arabia. (1992) Eucalyptus and bees. From the U. C. Apiaries(March/April), 2-5. Two articles dealing with Eucalyptus species as sources of honey and as honey bee forage are reprinted from California Eucalyptus Grower (1992) 7 (1). Corporate source: From the U. C. Apiaries. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400981 Honey/Eucalyptus/Honey bee forage/USA/California. (1992) Revised conditions for the importation of honeybees (Apis mellifera) into Australia. Australasian Beekeeper, 94(5), 199-202, 204. The regulations described came into force on 9 August 1992. Corporate source: Australia. Laws and Statutes. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401130 Honey bees/imports/Australia/Beekeeping/legislation. (1992) Beekeeping and honeys of Lombardy. Lombardy, Italy, Settore Agricoltura e Foreste. Original title or source: Apicoltura e mieli di Lombardia. D. G. Lowe. The first part of this book is a chapter on the honeys of Lombardy by G. Bolchi Serini and M. Spreafico (pp. 13-57). It covers aspects such as the sources of honey, how honey is made, the chemical, physical and organoleptic properties of honey, pollen analysis, and possible defects. Research on honeys of Lombardy, in 19881989, including these aspects, is described. The second part of the book presents data obtained from a census of beekeepers in Lombardy. The third part of the book comprises the proceedings of a conference titled 'Apilombardia 1990' (pp. 65-175). This contains 16 contributions, by several authors, on topics such as nectar and honeydew sources, beekeeping legislation, honey marketing, and Varroa jacobsoni. The final part of the book analyses the honey production situation in Lombardy and offers a proposal for an intervention scheme to give incentives to the beekeeping sector. Names and addresses of organizations operating within the Italian beekeeping sector are listed. Page(s): 191 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401141 Beekeeping/Italy/Lombardy/Honey/conferences/Books. (1992) Proceedings, First Regional Training Workshop for Beekeeping, Castries, St. Lucia, May 11-13 1992. Castries, St. Lucia, Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture. D. G. Lowe. The first section of the Proceedings gives details of the workshop agenda, opening ceremony, and conclusions and recommendations. The second section contains reports on beekeeping in Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Florida (USA), Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Nevis, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. Section 3 comprises 10 technical papers on various aspects of Caribbean beekeeping, including Africanized honey bees, legislation, bee forage, hive products and marketing opportunities, queen rearing, and beekeeping organizations in the Caribbean. The final section concerns agro-forestry and environmental protection in the Caribbean. Page(s): v + 129 pp. + 6 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: IICA Office in Saint Lucia, PO Box 1223, Castries, Saint Lucia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401157 Beekeeping/conferences/Caribbean/Books. (1992) Beekeeping problems in El Hierro. Canarias Apicola(27), 8-24. Original title or source: Problematica apicola en El Hierro. P. Walker. An editorial, and contributions by G. P. Ortega Quintero and D. F. Gutierrez Morales, deal with races of honey bees in the Canary Islands, especially El Hierro, and their natural and deliberate hybridization. Corporate source: Canarias Apicola. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401190 Honey bees/races/hybridization/Apis mellifera/Canary Islands. (1992) Garden plants valuable to bees. London, UK, International Bee Research Association. See AA 1273/82. This is a reprint of the first edition (1981), with an amended reading list. Page(s): 52 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: International Bee Research Association, 18 North Road, Cardiff, CF1 3DY, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401213 Honey bee forage/UK/Europe/planting/Gardening/Books. (1992) Cost of honey production in Saskatchewan, 1991. Beelines(93), 8-14. P. Walker. A table gives a breakdown of the various costs of 20 beekeepers (with 2001800 colonies). Average honey production was 215 lb [98 kg] per colony. The overall costs, and the costs of some items in particular, have increased compared with those found in a similar study in 1987. Corporate source: Beelines. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401231 Beekeeping/management/honey/production/Honey production/Canada/Saskatchewan/economics. (1992) Defending and increasing the worth of quality honey: results obtained, short-term action, production and marketing report. Castel S. Pietro Terme, Italy, Osservatorio Nazionale della Produzione e del Mercato del Miele. Original title or source: Difendere e valorizzare il miele di qualita: risultati ottenuti, azioni a breve termine, rapporto produzione-mercato. D. G. Lowe. This booklet contains the texts of 13 contributions (most of 23 pages) made at a conference on 8 September 1991, at Castel S. Pietro Terme, Italy. The texts of legislative decree 109, 27 June 1992, regarding the labelling of [Italian] honey, and the European Community resolution on Community beekeeping made on 15 April 1992, are also given. Page(s): 55 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401321 Honey/trade/Italy/Food legislation/Books/Books/honey/quality/Italy/food legislation/marketing. (1992) Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference. American Bee Journal, 132(12), 805-819. Items of special significance are reported individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. The 1992 American Bee Research Conference was held at the Texas A & M University on 21 and 22 September. Abstracts of 34 papers presented at the conference are given, and addresses of participants are also listed. Corporate source: American Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500128 beekeeping/conferences/USA/research. (1992) Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Conference of the Apiary Inspectors of America, Orlando, Florida, January 13-17, 1992. Annapolis, USA, Apiary Inspectors of America. D. G. Lowe. The contents of the proceedings include several reports on tracheal (Acarapis woodi) and varroa (Varroa jacobsoni) mites, and on Africanized honey bees.Several Extension Service Fact Sheets on Africanized honey bees are reprinted in the proceedings. Page(s): ii + 147 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500134 conferences/beekeeping/USA. (1992) The law on honey. Apitalia, 19(13/14), 15-19. Original title or source: La legge sul miele. European legislation concerning honey is explained, with particular reference to Italian honeys. Corporate source: Apitalia. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500304 food legislation/Europe/honey/Italy. (1992) Here are all the new regulations for labelling food products. Apitalia, 19(13/14), 6-13. Original title or source: Ecco tutte le nuove disposizioni per l'etichettatura dei prodotti alimentari. This article sets out what is and is not allowed in labelling Italian honeys. Corporate source: Apitalia. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500326 honey/labelling/Italy/food legislation/Europe. (1992) Labelling and presentation of other [than honey] food products produced by honey bees. Apitalia, 19(13/14), 20-21. Original title or source: Etichettatura e presentazione degli altri prodotti alimentari delle api. This article sets out guidelines for labelling hive products such as pollen and royal jelly. Corporate source: Apitalia. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500333 food legislation/Europe/hive products/labelling/Italy. (1992) The National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA, France) Seminar on Pollination. Report of the meeting at Rennes, February 12, 1992. Apidologie, 23(5), 475-493. Papers are dealt with individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. Summaries of the 7 papers given at the meeting are given in French, English and German. Crops concerned are cantaloupe, carrot, oilseed rape and faba beans. Honey bees were the main pollinators dealt with. Corporate source: France, Groupe de Travail Pollinisation de l'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500359 pollination/honey bees/crops/by honey bees/of crops/conferences/France. (1992) Increasing beekeepers' and commercial growers' income opportunities through improved yields of crops by managed honeybee pollination. Pollination workshop, April 1992. Kingston, Australia, Honeybee Research and Development Council. A. G. Matheson. The fourth national workshop sponsored by the Honeybee Research and Development Council assessed the importance of pollination and the opportunities for Australian beekeepers to diversify into the provision of pollination services. The 26 papers which are included in this report cover the present state of pollination services in Australia, pollination requirements of common crops, various components in the provision of pollination services, options for the future and the workshop's recommendations. Page(s): vii + 75 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: PO Box 4776, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500365 pollination/honey bees/crops/by honey bees/of crops/Australia/in Australia/hiring/conferences. (1992) The golden thread: on the life of bees, beekeeping, natural balance and the work of man. Celle, Germany, Niedersachsisches Landesinstitut fur Bienenkunde. Original title or source: Der goldene Faden: Von Bienenleben, Imkerei, Naturhaushalt und Menschenwerk. P. Walker. This illustrated book includes information about bees and beekeeping suitable for new (or non-) beekeepers. Chapters 5 and 9 give statistics for Lower Saxony and discuss past and present changes in the role of beekeeping. Useful addresses are listed. Page(s): 96 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: De. Author address: Wehlstrasse 4a, 3100 Celle, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500821 beekeeping/Germany/Lower Saxony/books. (1992) Beekeeping in Cyprus. Melissokomiki Epitheorisi, 6(9), 287-289. Original title or source: E melissokomia ste Kupro. Corporate source: Melissokomiki Epitheorisi. Library code: Bj. Language: Gr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500841 beekeeping/Cyprus. (1992) Living with Varroa jacobsoni. Yelverton, UK, Devon Apicultural Research Group. Page(s): 18 pp. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501033 Apis mellifera/honey bees/ectoparasites/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/UK. (1993) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] Vietnam. Beekeeping and Development(26), 13. Corporate source: Beekeeping and Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400470 Beekeeping/Vietnam. (1993) World honey trade perspectives. Falling production and consumption. Vida Apicola(58), 42-48. Original title or source: Perspectivas del comercio mundial de miel. Desciende la produccion y el consumo. D. G. Lowe. Figures for Germany, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, USA, Japan, Mexico and the old USSR, for 1991 and 1992 (USSR 1991 only) are presented and discussed. Corporate source: Vida Apicola. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500236 honey/crop yield/reports/international trade/trade. (1993) FCAAA Inc. general meeting. Minutes of meeting held on 22.4.93, Canberra. Australian Bee Journal, 74(4), 17-27. P. Walker. At this meeting, D. Banks reported on the southerly spread of Apis cerana, which is now established on the islands of Boigu and Saibai in the Torres Strait and is unlikely to be eradicated from them. If A. cerana reaches Gabba Island, 35 km south, it could then 'island-hop' to northern Australia. It is therefore essential to contain A. cerana, and Dr. Banks described ways in which AQIS and other bodies can try to achieve this. Corporate source: Australia, FCAAA Inc. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500467 Apis cerana/Pacific islands. (1993) Introducing: Central Bee Research and Training Institute (India). Asian Apicultural Association Newsletter(4), 6. Corporate source: Khadi and Village Industries Commission. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Khadi and Village Industries Commission, 1153 Ganeshkhind Road, Veer Chaphekar Chowk, Pune 411016, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500477 beekeeping/research institutes/India. (1993) MAF quality management report. New Zealand Beekeeper(219), 14-19. P. Walker. This report includes New Zealand statistics for numbers of beekeepers, apiaries and hives (1992, 1993), honey production by area (1988-1993), exports of honey, beeswax (1992) and live bees (to June 1993), incidence of American foul brood (to June 1993). Corporate source: New Zealand Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500490 beekeeping. (1993) Islamic and Indian art, London, Thursday 29th April 1993 [catalogue]. London, UK, Sotheby's. D. G. Lowe. This catalogue, for a sale of Islamic, Indian, Himalayan and SE Asian art, includes a section (pp. 98-113) describing a collection of 100 Persian pottery beehive covers, c. 17351935. The decorative covers were used to close the ends of cylindrical woven hives. Many of the covers are illustrated, including 12 in colour. Page(s): 236 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500583 fixed-comb hives/Iran/books/catalogues/beekeeping/artefacts. (1993) Phenol residue in honey. Australian Bee Journal, 74(3), 15. P. Walker. The text of an information bulletin (No. 28, 26 February 1993) issued by the Honey Packers and Marketers Association of Australia is reproduced. It comments on the analysis of honey samples from 75 beekeepers who supply honey to the Honey Corporation of Australia. The results indicate that if a beekeeper uses phenol to clear bees from supers before honey removal, there is a high probability ( 90%) that phenol will be present in the extracted honey. In the samples examined, the phenol concentration ranged from a trace ( 0.2 mg/kg) to 12 mg/kg; the average in honey supplied by phenol users was 4.3 mg/kg. Also, the larger the scale of the beekeeping operation, the higher the phenol content in the honey. The HCA Board has issued a direction that its suppliers should stop using phenols and other chemicals for clearing bees before honey extraction. Corporate source: Honey Packers and Marketers Association of Australia Inc. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500656 honey/removing/hives/from hives/impurities/phenol. (1993) Pollination working group of the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA, France). Report on the meeting in Bures-sur-Yvette, March 1819, 1993. Apidologie, 24(4), 441-459. D. G. Lowe. Summaries of 7 of the 9 papers presented at the meeting are given in French, English and German. Crops concerned included almond, kiwifruit and oilseed rape, with one paper on lavender honey. Honey bees and bumble bees were the main pollinators dealt with. Corporate source: France, Groupe de Travail Pollinisation de l'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500692 pollination/honey bees/Bombus/crops/by honey bees/by Bombus/of crops/conferences/France. (1993) Wisconsin's new bee law and rules. Wisconsin Badger Bee(vember), 2-3. Corporate source: USA, Wisconsin. Laws and Statutes. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500814 beekeeping/legislation/USA/Wisconsin. (1993) In Friuli Venezia Giulia [Italy] modification of the regional legislation on apiculture. Ape Nostra Amica, 15(2), 26-27, 29-31. Original title or source: In Friuli Venezia Giulia modificata la legge regionale sull'apicoltura. Corporate source: Italy. Laws and Statutes. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500815 beekeeping/legislation/Italy. (1993) News release by Dr. D. P. (Dave) Keetch, Director: Plant and Quality Control, Department of Agriculture. South African Bee Journal, 65(2), 26-32. P. Walker. The adverse effects of the introduction of Apis mellifera capensis into summer rainfall areas populated by A. m. scutellata have been previously reported. Action has now been taken by the South African Department of Agriculture to give beekeepers in the affected areas financial assistance to establish new colonies. A special scheme was announced in December 1992, and on 26 January 1993 legislation was set up under the Agricultural Pests Act 1983 (Act No. 36) to prevent movement of Cape bees into the area. The new legislation also requires the elimination of all Cape honey bee colonies already in the area. Parts of the legislation are quoted and a note by the editor (pp. 31-32) gives further explanation. Corporate source: South African Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500816 Apis mellifera scutellata/sympatric species/pests/support measures/beekeeping/legislation/South Africa/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera capensis/as pests. (1993) Proceedings of the Beenet Asia workshop on priorities in R & D on beekeeping in tropical Asia. Penang, Malaysia, Beenet Asia, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia and Southbound. D. G. Lowe. The proceedings of this workshop, held in Kuala Lumpur in 1992, comprise a series of country reports and a number of research proposals. The reports describe aspects of beekeeping in Thailand (especially Apis cerana queen rearing), Vietnam, Indonesia, South Sulawesi (including bee hunting), Philippines, China, Sabah and Malaysia. Research which is proposed includes selection for high honey production in A. cerana, studies on biodiversity of A. cerana in Vietnam, quality improvement and marketing of hive products in Sulawesi, and establishment of A. cerana in coconut-growing areas of the Philippines. The objectives of organizations in Beenet Asia are also described and a number of resolutions are listed. Page(s): xii + 149 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500831 hive products/coconuts/queen honey bees/beekeeping/Asia/tropics/conferences/Thailand/books/Apis cerana. (1993) Zooming in on [beekeeping in] China. Beekeeping & Development(27), 13. Corporate source: Beekeeping & Development. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500832 beekeeping/China. (1993) Beekeeping in Australia. Australian Bee Journal, 74(9), 8-9. A. G. Matheson. Figures are given for the numbers of beekeepers and honey bee colonies, the annual production and value of honey and beeswax, in Australia for 1985-86 to 1991-92 seasons inclusive. Data for each category are broken down by state. In 1991-92 production was 18948 t of honey and 390 t of beeswax, worth $A25 million and $A1.5 million respectively, from 366000 colonies. Honey production figures for that year are further broken down by hive holding category, with 9348 t (49%) produced by beekeepers with 800 colonies or more. Corporate source: Australian Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500853 beekeeping/honey/food production/beeswax/beekeepers/honey bee colonies/market economics/Australia/crop yield/records. (1993) Dossier: agricultural reform, possibilities for the honey bee. Carnets du CARI(38), 15-23. Original title or source: Dossier: Reforme de l'agriculture, une chance pour l'abeille. D. G. Lowe. Changes in the European agricultural environment are discussed in relation to honey bee forage: diversification, fallows ('set-aside'), ecological refuges, biological fuel crops ('green petrol') such as colza. Corporate source: Carnets du CARI. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500924 honey bee forage/agricultural land/land use/diversification/fallows/set-aside/ecosystems/fuel crops/agriculture/ecology/Europe. (1993) Effects of high fructose corn syrup given as the initial feed on the composition of honey produced. Honeybee Science, 14(1), 23-29. Author. Caged honey bees were fed initially on HFCS and then on sugar syrup. Even a month after the initial feed, the honey produced contained sugars derived from HFCS. These sugars were not present in honey produced by bees fed only on sugar syrup. Corporate source: Japan, National Honey Fair Trade Conference. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Author address: 5-9-11 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500959 honey bees/feeding/sugar/high fructose corn syrup/honey/adulteration/cages/in cages/honey. (1993) On the increase in honey imports to Italy in 1992. Ape Nostra Amica, 15(3), 4-6. Original title or source: In aumento le importazioni di miele in Italia nel 1992. Figures are given for Italian honey imports and exports in 1988-92. Corporate source: Ape Nostra Amica. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501038 honey/trade/imports/exports/international trade/Italy. (1993) Code of practice for assuring the quality of Australian honey. Australasian Beekeeper, 95(1), 5, 22-25, 27. A. G. Matheson. This is an extract from a 94-page code of practice promoted for adoption by all honey producers and packers in Australia: its use is optional, but some parts cover existing legislation and are thus mandatory. The chapter reprinted here analyses factors in the production and processing of honey which affect its quality, using the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) technique. Each factor is discussed, with practical examples: chemical residues, hygiene and sanitation in production and processing, pest and disease control, harvesting honey from hives, extraction, cappings wax processing, honey clarifying, storage and identification of product. Corporate source: Australasian Beekeeper. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501054 honey/food quality/food processing/food production/residues/packing/food legislation/food hygiene/quality/production/processing/Australia. (1993) Alarm in Argentina. Colmenar(1), 48. Original title or source: Alarma en la Argentina. Ingestion of medicinal preparations of propolis adulterated with a highly toxic alcohol, used for industrial purposes, caused the deaths of 23 people. Corporate source: Colmenar. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501081 propolis/contamination/adulteration/glycols/alcohols/toxicity/poisoning/pharmaceutical products/death/hive products/as hive products. (1993) German bee research institute seminar. Report on the meeting at Bad Sassendorf, 30 March-1st April 1993. Apidologie, 24(5), 467-534. Papers of particular significance are reported individually in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts\0BD. G. Lowe. Summaries of 32 of the 61 reports presented at the seminar are given (in English, German and French). Three films were also shown. Topics discussed included bee botany and pollination, bee diseases, biology of Varroa jacobsoni, resistance mechanisms against V. jacobsoni, control of V. jacobsoni, acaricide residues, biology and physiology of the honey bee, other Hymenoptera (Apis dorsata, solitary bees, bumble bees, wasps), honey bee management, and mating behaviour, genetics, biometry and artificial insemination of honey bees. Corporate source: Germany, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute fur Bienenforschung. Library code: Bj. Language: En\De\Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501273 beneficial insects/honey bees/Apis mellifera/Apidae/Bombus/Hymenoptera/ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/bee diseases/beekeeping/conferences/Germany. (1994) The honeydew flow in the Oberpfalzer Wald and the northern Bayerischer Wald 1993: prediction, observation, course. Imkerfreund, 49(3), 9-14. Original title or source: Das Waldtrachtgeschehen im Oberpfalzer und nordlichen Bayerischen Wald 1993: Vorhersage Beobachtung Verlauf. P. Walker. This article summarizes and discusses records of the honeydew flow in this part of Germany in 1993. It describes the development of populations of the honeydew-secreting Hemiptera, Physokermes hemicryphus, Cinara pilicornis, C. picea and C. pectinatae, and shows weight changes in hives at 4 locations during the flow. Corporate source: Germany, Oberpfalz Waldtrachtbeobachtergruppe. Library code: Bj. Language: De. Author address: Oberpfalz, Nittenauerstr. 10, 92449 Steinberg/Opf., Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500947 Physokermes hemicryphus/Cinara pilicornis/Cinara picea/Cinara pectinatae/honeydew flows/Germany/Bavaria/honeydew/excretion/Hemiptera. (1994) Honey situation and outlook in selected countries from USDA-FAS, December, 1993 report. American Bee Journal, 134(2), 74-79. A. G. Matheson. This report largely reprints the 1993 World honey situation report from the USA Department of Agriculture, and forecasts statistics for 8 selected countries (USA, Argentina, Canada, China, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Russia) which together account for 40% of world honey production and 60-70% of trade. Production was estimated at 507800 t, or 2% less in 1993 than in the previous year. Exports from these countries were down 7% to 199720 t, with sharp decreases likely from the major exporters China and Argentina. Detailed trade and production figures are given for the 8 selected countries. Corporate source: American Bee Journal. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500950 food production/reports/honey/crop yield/international trade/trade. (1994) Beekeeping with varroa. Birokteren, 110(1), 1-59. Original title or source: Birkt med varroa. D. G. Lowe. This special number of Birkteren describes aspects of Varroa jacobsoni infestations of honey bees [Apis mellifera], such as history, spread of the mite in Europe, diagnosis, biology, control, resistance mechanisms of honey bees, Norwegian legislation. Corporate source: Birkteren. Library code: Bj. Language: No. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501377 honey bees/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/ectoparasites/diagnosis/control methods/pest resistance/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/Norway. (1994) Flexion in honey imports to Italy in 1993. Ape Nostra Amica, 16(3), 42-44. Original title or source: In flessione le importazioni di miele in Italia nel 1993. Corporate source: Ape Nostra Amica. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501396 honey/imports/Italy/trade. Aballay F, E., Ruiz, M., Maraboli, A. and Arretz V, P. (1986) Analysis of the establishment in Chile of Bombus ruderatus (F.) introduced for red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) pollination. Investigacion Agricola, 9(1), 31-36. Original title or source: Analisis del establecimiento en Chile de Bombus ruderatus (F.) introducido para la polinizacion del trebol rosado (Trifolium pratense L.). Fertilized queens of Bombus ruderatus were introduced into the Coipue and Cunco region from New Zealand to improve red clover pollination. The evaluation of this bumble bee establishment started in 1983 and it was performed during 3 seasons. These bees are now becoming established, as is shown by their progressive population increase and distribution. During 1982-83, they were occasionally detected only in Coipue, and in 1983-84 they were frequently observed in both localities but were not abundant enough for their population density to be measured. In 1984-85 there were 17.5/ha and 10.0/ha on red clover at Coipue and Cunco respectively. B. ruderatus was also observed in gardens, fields and woods during 1984-85. Plants which, besides red clover, supplied nectar and pollen to B. ruderatus were identified.Author. Library code: Bb. Language: Es. Author address: Fac. Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Univ. Chile, Casilla 1004, Santiago, Chile. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300057 Pollination/by Bombus/of Trifolium pratense/Bombus/Trifolium pratense/imports/Chile/Acclimatization. Abbas, N. D. (1990) In vitro reproduction of the parasitic bee mite Varroa jacobsoni, Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Tubingen, German Federal Republic. Original title or source: In vitro-Reproduktion der parasitischen Bienenmilbe Varroa jacobsoni. Experiments were carried out in order to assess the effects of non-biological parameters, such as material used and dimensions of artificial cells, and microclimatic conditions, on the rearing of V. jacobsoni. Reproduction of the mites was successful only when L5 larvae, cocoon-spinning larvae and young prepupae (of Apis mellifera) were used. The best results were obtained by using artificial cells of polystyrol, 8 mm in diameter and 23 mm high, with lightly compressed cotton wool to seal the cell, at 3335C and 7585% RH. The angle of inclination of a cell in the incubator was best at 20 from the horizontal for drones and 8 for workers. The in vitro reproductive capacity of female mites varied considerably and was dependent not only on the age and sex of the hosts, but also on the physiological conditions of the mites. Mites collected from forager honeybees laid more eggs than mites from other stages, independent of the sex of the hosts. The percentage of reproducing mites on drone larvae was higher than on worker larvae. Higher reproduction rates were achieved when the host larvae were transferred to the incubator after the spinning phase together with the mites. Oogenesis and early embryogenesis, as well as the egg-laying behaviour of mites and the development of the nymphs, were documented in serial photographs. In further experiments a system for membrane feeding was tested. The best results were obtained with the use of a thin condom membrane and larval blood as food material. The proteins of the different larval host stages and Varroa ovary proteins were compared by SDS-electrophoresis. Several high molecular protein bands were found both in the larval blood and the mite ovary.Author. Page(s): vi + 90 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: De. Author address: Fak. Biologie, Eberhard-Karls-Univ., Tubingen, German Federal Republic. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200641 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/laboratory rearing/Theses. Abd Al-Fattah, M. A. and El-Shemy, A. A. M. (1990) Eight methods for ventilating confined honeybee colonies during the application of insecticides. Journal of Apicultural Research, 29(4), 214-220. Eight ventilation methods were tested during confinement of 108 honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies for 1.5 or 3 days. These methods were: (1) ventilation bottom board on hive stand (VBBs), (2) ventilation bottom board on ground (VBBg), (3) honey section super with top wire screen (HSSt) or (4) with bottom wire screen (HSSb), (5) empty Langstroth box with top (ELBt) or (6) bottom wire screen (ELBb), (7) wire screen cage (ASWc) and (8) two sides wire screen cage (TSWc). Differences associated with regulating the internal temperature appeared to be significant between the methods using HSSt and ELBt compared with ASWc, although the temperature remained within the optimum range (34.536.2C). The average water consumption ranged from 0.383 to 0.666 litres/colony and the average number of dead bees per colony ranged from 43 (VBBs) to 368 (ELBt). Highly significant differences were found in the number of dead bees and water consumption between weak and strong colonies throughout the periods of confinement. The tested ventilation methods could be ranked according to their effectiveness during confinement as follows: VBBs, VBBg, HSSt, ELBt, TSWc, ASWc, HSSb and ELBb.Author. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Economic Entomology & Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201329 Hives/microclimate/artificial ventilation/temperature/Water/ usage/by honeybees/Honeybees/modification/Poisoning/of honeybees/by pesticides/prevention/Pesticides/Restraint/by man/in hives. Abdin, A. M. Z. E. (1989) The Sudan national beekeeping project. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 171-175. Page(s): 171-175. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100804 Beekeeping/Sudan/Agricultural planning/developing countries. Abdullah, N., Hamzah, A., Ramli, J. and Mardan, M. (1990) Identification of Nasonov pheromones and the effects of synthetic pheromones on the clustering activity of the Asiatic honeybee (Apis cerana). Pertanika, 13(2), 189-194. P. Walker. Nasonov gland secretions were extracted by 3 different methods from worker bees from several colonies, and analysed by GLC. Three components were detected: (E)-citral and geraniol were determined quantitatively, and (Z)-citral was also present in trace amounts. The amount of (E)-citral found was 20.0 g/bee when pheromone extraction was by the abdomen dipping (in hexane) method, but only 3.8 g/bee using hexane extraction of the excised glands. Geraniol (2.5 g/bee) was detected only by the latter method. The clustering response of worker bees to the following individual (synthetic) compounds and to mixtures of them was tested: 9-oxo-2-decenoic acid, geraniol, nerol, farnesol, (E),(Z)-citral. The last was the most effective in causing clustering. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401117 Honey bees/clustering/Worker honey bees/Nasonov gland/ pheromones/citral/geraniol/Apis cerana. Abdulsalam, K. S., Abdel-Megeed, M. I. and Mohamed, M. I. (1988) Relative toxicity of certain pesticides against honey bees. Annals of Agricultural Science, 33(2), 1309-1320. The relative toxicity of 6 widely used insecticides, acaricides and fungicides to honey bees (Apis mellifera) was investigated in the laboratory using the residue film technique. Deltamethrin, pirimicarb and pirimiphos-methyl showed a quick knockdown effect within 535 min, while carbendazim, thiophanate and propargite showed slow activity (150300 min). The LC values were 130, 190, 500, 150, 250 and 500 ppm for deltamethrin, pirimicarb, pirimiphos-methyl, propargite, thiophanate and carbendazim, respectively. Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300986 Toxicity/to honey bees/of deltamethrin/of pirimicarb/of pirimiphos-methyl/of carbendazim/of thiophanate/of propargite/Honey bees/Deltamethrin/Pirimicarb/ Pirimiphos-methyl/Carbendazim/Thiophanate/Propargite. Abed, T. and Lahitte, J. D. d. (1993) Determination of LD of amitraz and coumaphos on Varroa jacobsoni by means of Anti-varroa (Schering) and Perizin (Bayer) acaricides. Apidologie, 24(2), 121-128. Original title or source: Determination de la DL de l'amitraze et du coumaphos sur Varroa jacobsoni Oud au moyen des acaricides Anti-varroa (Schering) et Perizin (Bayer). P. Walker. Individual mites were removed from infested honey bees with a paintbrush and, after immobilization, were each treated with 0.25 ml acaricide solution applied by microsyringe. The mites were then replaced on bees, and mite mortality was determined after 24 h. Using solutions of various concentrations, mean LD was determined (pg per mite): for the formulation Anti-varroa it was 17.3 and for the amitraz in this formulation 2.16; for Perizin 98.4 and for coumaphos in Perizin 3.15. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: Departement de protection des plantes, Faculte d'agronomie, Universite d'Alep, Alep, Syria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500385 toxicity/Varroa jacobsoni/amitraz/coumaphos/to Varroa jacobsoni/of amitraz/of coumaphos. Abo-Taka, S. M. and El-Din, H. A. S. (1992) Investigations on the control of the bee mite, Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz, 65(4), 72-75. Original title or source: Untersuchungen zur Bekampfung der Bienenmilbe, Varroa jacobsoni Oud. In trials with 3 acaricides against the ectoparasite Varroa jacobsoni infecting Apis mellifera in Egypt in 1991, fluvalinate (as Apistan at 0.5-2.0 strips/colony) controlled the mite completely. Lactic acid and formic acid at 1.5 cm/frame were slightly effective, application under the frames giving better results than application above them. Library code: 12 ref. Language: De. Author address: Department of Plant Protection, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501383 Arthropod pests/Pollinators/Beneficial insects/Acaricides/Natural enemies/ectoparasites/hosts/fluvalinate/lactic acid/formic acid/control/chemical control/Arthropods/Acari/Varroidae/Hymenoptera/Apidae/Varroa jacobsoni/Apis mellifera/pests/honey bees/of honey bees/control methods. Abou El Naga, A. M. (1987) Diagnosis of European foulbrood (EFB) in Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, B, 5(1), 47-53. In Carniolan Egyptian colonies imported from Egypt. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100231 European foul brood/Saudi Arabia/Honeybee brood. Aboulfaraj, S. and Furgala, B. (1989) Some effects of the Shaparew honey drying ventilator on pollen trapped honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in east central Minnesota. American Bee Journal, 129(5), 333-337. Hives were fitted with (A) Shaparew temperature-controlled honey drying ventilators, or (B) Shaparew pollen traps, or (C) both A and B. More pollen was collected by C colonies than by B colonies. The latter had fewer returning foragers, smaller brood areas, andat the end of the trialfewer adult bees. Pollen trapping did not affect overwintering, but caused a significant decrease in honey production (by 18% and 38% in 1987 and 1988 respectively). Honey from B colonies had a significantly higher water content than honey from C colonies or from controls; mean value for B honey was 19.5%. In A colonies, honey production was similar to that of controls, but the water content of the honey was significantly lower. P. Walker. Dept. Entomology, Univ. Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100298 Pollen trapping/Hives/microclimate/artificial ventilation/ Honeybee colonies/honey-getting capacity. Abreu, M. (1992) Pollen in human nutrition. Apiacta, 27(2), 39-43. The fatty acid, mineral, protein and fibre contents of a sample of mixed bee-collected pollens are given. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Instituto de Nutricion e Higiene de los Alimentos, Infanta 1158, La Habana, Cuba. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400300 Pollen/as hive products/Hive products/composition. Abrol, D. P. and Kapil, R. P. (1986) Factors affecting pollination activity of Megachile lanata Lepel. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Animal Sciences, 95(6), 757-769. The daily start of foraging by M. lanata on Crotalaria juncea was usually between 08.00 and 09.00 h, but it varied from day to day and was probably most affected by various ambient conditions. Foraging was at its peak at 12.0014.00 h and it ceased when light intensity and solar radiation rapidly decreased. During field activity, the foraging population was correlated positively with several factors, especially light intensity and solar radiation; it was negatively correlated with relative humidity, soil temperature and wind velocity. P. Walker. Lab. Animal Behaviour & Simulated Ecology, Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hissar 125004, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100088 Megachile/foraging/circadian rhythm/weather/effects/Crotalaria. Abrol, B. L. and Abrol, D. P. (1986) Significance of environmental cues in pollination activity of bees Andrena ilerda. Environment and Ecology, 4(1), 169-171. Andrena ilerda bees were observed to hover for a few seconds above the nest entrance when first leaving it in order to orientate themselves before flying away to forage. When returning they hovered in a circle about 90 cm from the ground over the nest entrance, alighted away from the entrance and walked to it. Slight disturbance to the nest entrance did not affect this behaviour but removal of pebbles, sticks or leaves resulted in the bees being unable to locate the nest. If the nest was disturbed while the bee was inside, it made a fresh orientation flight to acquaint itself with the changed surroundings. J. M. Gedye. Dept. Zoology, Intermediate Coll., Nowshera, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100055 Andrena/nests/orientation. Abrol, D. P. (1986) Flight range and significance of wing hooks in Megachile femorata Smith (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology, 33(1/2), 107-112. The average effective flight range from the nest of Megachile femorata was found to be 150 m, although some individuals were observed foraging at up to 500 m away. The bees possessed 7.50<+->0.30 wing hooks. From previous studies of relationships between the number of wing hooks, wing size and flight range, an estimated maximum flight range of 4.23 km was calculated. J. M. Gedye. Lab. Animal Behaviour & Simulated Ecology, Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hissar 125004, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100090 Megachile/flight/hamuli. Abrol, D. P. (1986) Differential dilution of nectar by subtropical bees. Environment and Ecology, 4(1), 188-189. In a semi-arid environment the nectar sugar concentration of Pongamia pinnata (Leguminosae) was found to vary from 45% at 07.00 h to 72% at 16.00 h and 62% at 18.00 h. Analysis of honey sac contents showed that the concentration of nectar carried by Apis florea remained at 3045% throughout the day. That of Megachile bicolor varied from 41 to 67% and tended to increase during the day. It is suggested that water produced during metabolism may have been responsible for the dilution of the nectar and that this occurred less in M. bicolor. J. M. Gedye. Lab. Animal Behaviour & Simulated Ecology, Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hissar 125004, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100112 Foraging/honeybees/nectar/Megachile/Apis florea/Pongamia/ water metabolism. Abrol, D. P. (1986) Eco-physiological adaptations between pollinating bees and their flowers. Environment and Ecology, 4(1), 161-162. At Hissar, India, the minimum threshold temperature for initiation of foraging activity by Apis spp. was 15C. Nectar secretion in Brassica juncea, a plant pollinated by Apis spp., began at 12 and nectar was observed in most nectaries as the temperature reached 15. Nectar secretion reached a first peak at 10.0011.00 h, declined at mid-day, probably because of evaporation, and reached a second peak at 15.00 h. J. M. Gedye. Lab. Animal Behaviour & Simulated Ecology, Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hissar 125004, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100109 Foraging/honeybees/nectar/Brassica/temperature/effects/ circadian rhythm/Apis. Abrol, D. P. (1986) Metabolic expenditures of Megachile nana Bingh and M. flavipes Spinola (Megachilidae : Hymenoptera) as determined by rate of oxygen consumption. Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology, 33(1/2), 113-118. The metabolic energy expended by Megachile nana and M. flavipes bees when resting, active or flying was assessed by measuring oxygen consumption at temperatures ranging from 20 to 40C. In M. nana oxygen consumption was more than 70 times as high during flight than when the bee was at rest. In M. flavipes there was a 90-fold difference. Temperature increases caused an increase in oxygen consumption at all levels of activity. The heavier bee, M. flavipes, had a lower average level of oxygen consumption than M. nana. The greatest rate of oxygen consumption measured was 13.2865.28 ml/g/h in M. nana in flight, and the lowest 0.240.62 ml/g/h in M. flavipes at rest. J.M. Gedye. Lab. Animal Behaviour & Simulated Ecology, Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hissar 125004, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100091 Megachile/flight/metabolism/respiration/weight/effects. Abrol, D. P. (1986) Time and energy budgets of alfalfa pollinating bees Megachile nana Bingh and Megachile flavipes Spinola (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Animal Sciences, 95(5), 579-586. Studies of diurnal activity showed that, on average, Megachile nana bees spent 184.0 minutes per day foraging, 194.4 minutes active in the nest and 1056.4 minutes resting. The average energy expended was 91.63 joules per bee per day. M. flavipes spent an average of 216.0 minutes foraging, 236.6 minutes active in the nest, 990.4 minutes resting, and expended 146.38 joules per bee per day. From measurements of nectar production and concentration, and time spent collecting nectar, it was calculated that the profitability of foraging on Parkinsonsia aculeata was greater than for foraging on Medicago sativa, which in turn was greater than for foraging on Trifolium alexandrinum. J. M. Gedye. Lab. Animal Behaviour & Simulated Ecology, Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hissar 125004, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100092 Foraging/Megachile/energy balance. Abrol, D. P. (1986) Wing beat frequencies of Andrena ilerda and Andrena leaena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Annals of Biology, 2(1), 98-99. Andrena ilerda females were found to have a higher wing-beat frequency (mean 92.07 beats/s) than that of A. leaena (mean 88.37 beats/s). Males of both species showed a lower wing-beat frequency than females means of 80.91 and 77.71 beat/s for A. ilerda and A. leaena respectively. D. G. Lowe. Lab. Animal Behaviour & Simulated Ecology, Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hissar 125004, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100056 Andrena/wings/flight. Abrol, D. P. and Kapil, R. P. (1987) Nectar dilution pattern of bees in semi-arid environments. Current Science, 13, 681. Sugar concentration was measured in nectar samples taken from Pongamia glabra flowers on 4 days; it ranged from 48 to 78%, reaching its maximum at 15.0016.00 h and then decreasing slightly. Honey sac contents of Apis mellifera and of Megachile cephalotes foraging on the flowers were sampled at the same time; sugar concentrations ranged from 28 to 45% and from 45 to 66%, respectively. The results indicate that A. mellifera produces more water during the metabolization of nectar sugars than M. cephalotes. It is suggested that M. cephalotes may by physiologically better adapted than A. mellifera to pollinate flowers in semi-arid environments. P. Walker. Div. Entomology, S.K. Univ. Agric. Sciences & Technol., Shalimar, Srinagar 191121, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100178 Foraging/honeybees/nectar/Megachile/Pongamia/Sugars/ carbohydrate metabolism. Abrol, D. P. (1988) Effect of climatic factors on pollination activity of alfalfa-pollinating subtropical bees Megachile nana Bingh and Megachile flavipes Spinola (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Acta Oecologica, 9(4), 371-377. The flight activity of Megachile nana and M. flavipes on Medicago sativa began when a minimum threshold of environmental factors was achieved. M. flavipes had a lower threshold than M. nana and began foraging earlier in the day. Cessation of foraging was initiated by a rapid decline in light intensity and solar radiation. Bee abundance was positively correlated with air temperature, light intensity, solar radiation and nectar sugar concentration, and negatively correlated with relative humidity. Path coefficient analysis revealed that M. nana activity was mainly influenced by solar radiation, whereas both solar radiation and light intensity were important in M. flavipes activity. J. M. Gedye. Lab. Animal Behaviour & Simulated Ecology, Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hisar 125004, India. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100412 Megachile/foraging/solar radiation/effects/light/weather. Abrol, D. P. and Kapil, R. P. (1988) Foraging range of Andrena ilerda and Andrena leaena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Research and Development Reporter, 5(1/2), 65-67. Marked individuals of Andrena ilerda and A. leaena were released at different distances from their nest sites. All A.ilerda individuals returned from 400 m. After this distance the number declined and only a few bees returned from 1100 m. In A. leaena, the distance from which all individuals returned was 300 m, although a few returned from 1000 m. Respective body weights and numbers of wing hooks were 48.50 mg and 14.85 for A. ilerda and 38.70 mg and 12.72 for A. leaena. J. M. Gedye. Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hisar 125004, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100390 Andrena/flight/weight/hamuli. Abrol, D. P. (1988) Foraging range of alfalfa pollinating Megachile flavipes Spinola and Megachile nana Bingh (Megachilidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology, 35(1), 11-16. Marked individuals of Megachile flavipes and M. nana were released at distances of up to 800 m from their nest sites. M. flavipes individuals were able to orient efficiently at up to 250 m whereas the orienting range of M. nana was 150 m. M. flavipes had a body weight of 43.72 mg, compared with 27.17 mg in M. nana, and 13.70 wing hooks compared with 8.50. J. M. Gedye. Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hisar 125004, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100750 Megachile/flight/orientation. Abrol, D. P., Sihag, R. C. and Kapil, R. P. (1988) Physiological adaptations of subtropical bees in relation to energy intakes. Research and Development Reporter, 5(1/2), 68-70. The sugar concentration of nectar from Pongamia glabra (Leguminosae), growing in a semi-arid area, varied from 45% at 07.00 h to 78% at 15.00 h. The honey sacs of Megachile cephalotes foraging on P. glabra contained nectar with sugar concentrations of 4070%. The sucrose concentration in Apis dorsata honey sac nectar was 2750%. It is concluded that M. cephalotes is better adapted to foraging on plants in semi-arid conditions. A. dorsata would have a greater water requirement in order to metabolize the more concentrated nectar. J. M. Gedye. Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hisar 125004, India. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100778 Foraging/honeybees/nectar/Megachile/sugars/Pongamia/Apis dorsata/honey sac. Abrol, D. P. (1988) Significance of thermal and visual constraints on the pollination activity of Andrena ilerda Cameron. Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology, 35(1), 7-10. Andrena ilerda began foraging activities on Brassica campestris var. toria at an air temperature of 17C and light intensity of 2500 lux. Cessation of activity was governed mainly by light intensity. When the sky became overcast, bees returned immediately to their nests and plugged the entrances. J. M. Gedye. Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hisar 125004, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100730 Andrena/foraging/temperature/effects/light. Abrol, D. P. (1988) Ecology and behaviour of three bee species pollinating loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindley). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, B, 54(2/3), 161-163. The foraging behaviour of Apis cerana, Bombus asiaticus and B. albopleuralis on flowers of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) was studied at 4 sites in India. Flight activity was initiated only when a threshold temperature of 6.5C for the Bombus species and 10.5 for A. cerana was reached. Honeybees visited more middle branches than upper or lower ones, whereas bumble bees collected nectar and pollen mostly from the upper branches. B. asiaticus was the most efficient pollinator, followed by B. albopleuralis and A. cerana. The cessation of flight activity was independent of the prevailing ambient temperature in all 3 species and may have been related to light intensity and solar radiation. J. M. Gedye. Div. Entomology, Univ. Agric. Sci. & Technol., Shalimar Campus, Srinagar 191121, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100768 Foraging/honeybees/Bombus/Apis cerana/Eriobotrya japonica/ temperature/effects. Abrol, D. P. (1988) Pollination studies in almond (Prunus amygdalus L.). Current Science, 57(7), 397-398. Flowers of almond (Prunus amygdalus) [Prunus dulcis] grown in India were self-incompatible and set no fruit when covered with muslin. Uncovered flowers set 30 fruits per 100 flowers. The main insect visitors were Apis cerana, Xylocopa fenestrata and Lasioglossum sp. All species were active on sunny days, but on cloudy days no individuals of Lasioglossum were observed and numbers of the other species were reduced. A. cerana and X. fenestrata began foraging at 8C whereas Lasioglossum did not become active before the temperature reached 13.5. J. M. Gedye. Div. Entomology, Univ. Agric. Sci. & Technol., Shalimar Campus, Srinagar 191121, India. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100769 Pollination/by honeybees/of Prunus dulcis/by Apoidea/ Honeybees/Apoidea/Prunus dulcis. Abrol, D. P. and Kapil, R. P. (1988) Pollination studies in Crotalaria juncea L. Science and Culture, 54(7), 243-244. Observations of a crop of Crotalaria juncea at Hisar, India, showed that Megachile lanata was the main pollinator (47.38% of bees observed), followed by Apis dorsata (16.72%). M. flavipes (7.36%) and Xylocopa fenestrata (7.30%). The emergence of M. lanata was synchronized with the flowering period of C. juncea. J. M. Gedye. Lab. Animal Behaviour & Simulated Ecology, Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hisar 125004, India. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100727 Pollination/by Megachile/of Crotalaria juncea/by Apoidea/ Megachile/Apoidea/Crotalaria juncea. Abrol, D. P., Bhat, A. A. and Khan, A. R. (1989) On pollinating bees of Kashmir. Indian Bee Journal, 51(3), 107-108. The following information is given for 25 crop plants: common and botanical names, family, flowering period, non-Apis bees that visit the flowers. P. Walker. Division of Entomology, S. K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar 191 121, Jammu and Kashmir, India. India. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300368 Apoidea/India/Jammu and Kashmir/Crops/foraging. Abrol, D. P. and Bhat, A. A. (1989) Influence of behaviour of Apis cerana indica Fabr. on cross pollination in apple. Indian Bee Journal, 51(3), 103-104. The foraging behaviour of A. cerana on 5 branches of different trees of Golden Delicious was observed from 09.00 to 17.00 h. The number of pollen collectors increased from 09.00 h to a peak at 12.0014.00 h, and then decreased, and stopped at 17.00 h. The number of nectar foragers was greatest from 09.00 h to 14.00 h; more bees collected nectar from the side of the flower than from the top, especially early in the day and between 12.00 and 15.00 h. Pollen collectors visited more flowers/min and were more likely to pollinate a flower. P. Walker. Division of Entomology, S. K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shalimar Complex, Srinagar 191 121, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300427 Foraging/honey bees/Circadian rhythm/Pollination/by honey bees/of Malus pumila/Malus pumila/Apis cerana. Abrol, D. P. (1989) Studies on ecology and behaviour of insect pollinators frequenting strawberry blossoms and their impact on yield and fruit quality. Tropical Ecology, 30(1), 96-100. The main insect visitors to flowering strawberry plants on an observation plot in Srinagar, Kashmir, were honey bees (Apis cerana) and Lasioglossum sp. The honey bees, although less numerous, visited an average of 6.2 flowers/min compared with 3.0/min for Lasioglossum. Average nectar loads were 3.8 l and 0.6 l, respectively, and average pollen loads 4.8 mg and 3.0 mg. Fruit set was 75% on flowers open to insect pollination, compared with only 47% on flowers from which insects were excluded. Malformed fruits formed 11% and 23% of total fruits in open-pollinated and self-pollinated plants, respectively. P. Walker. Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Srinagar 191121, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300429 Pollination/by honey bees/of Fragaria/by Lasioglossum/Honey bees/Lasioglossum/Fragaria/Apis cerana. Abrol, D. P. and Bhat, A. A. (1989) New record of Xylocopa valga Gerstacker (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) from India. Current Science, 58(1), 41. This species was found foraging on almond flowers, and the possibility of its management for pollination is discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100108 Xylocopa/India/foraging/PRUNUS DULCIS. Abrol, D. P. (1989) Studies on abundance, diversity, behaviour and importance of native pollinators for crop production. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 4(2), 25-40. Observations on insect pollinators were carried out in Srinagar, Kashmir, India, during the blooming period of several fruit and field crops in 19871988. The 20 species caught were from 12 families of Hymenoptera and Diptera. Honeybees (Apis cerana and A. mellifera) were the most numerous visitors and the most important pollinators. Xylocopa valga, Bombus asiaticus, B. albopleuralis and B. simillimus were important pollinators of solanaceous and leguminous crops. Halictine bees, Halictus sp. and Lasioglossum sp., were important pollinators of fruit and Brassica crops, whereas hoverflies (Syrphidae), houseflies (Muscidae) and black ants (Formica sp.) seemed to be efficient pollinators of umbelliferous crops. Author. Div. Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ. Agric. Sci. & Technol., Shalimar Campus, Srinagar 191 121, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101368 Pollination/by honeybees/of field crops/by Apoidea/Honeybees/ Apoidea/Field crops/India. Abrol, D. P. (1989) Energy intake and expenditure in Andrena ilerda and Andrena leaena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Korean Journal of Apiculture, 4(2), 41-47. The energy budgets of A. ilerda and A. leaena foraging on rape and mustard species were investigated in Haryana, India. The energy rewards of the flowers were determined by measuring their nectar production and sugar content, and the energy expenditures of the bees by measuring their oxygen consumption during various activities (flying, resting, activity in the nest). The amounts of time spent by the bees on these activities were determined by observations of individual marked bees. For A. ilerda, the mean net daily energy gain for a bee was 4954, 4196, 1998 and 602 joules for foraging on Brassica napus, B. carinatus, B. juncea and B. campestris var. toria, respectively. For A. leaena, the corresponding figures (same order of Brassica spp.) were 2992, 2523, 1185 and 401 joules. D. G. Lowe. Div. Entomology, Shar-e-Kashmir Univ. Agric. Sci. & Technol., Shalimar Campus, Srinagar 191 121, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101039 Andrena/energy relations/Foraging/nectar/Brassica/secretion/ yield. Abrol, D. P. (1990) Energetics of nectar production in some apple cultivars as a predictor of floral choice by honeybees. Tropical Ecology, 31(1), 116-122. In a study (AprilMay) of 54 apple cultivars in Srinagar, India, the following ranges of values were obtained: volume of nectar secreted, 0.050.68 l/flower per day; sugar concentration in nectar, 2845%; weight of sugar secreted per day, 0.01890.2060 mg/flower; daily energy reward available, 0.3175.002 J/flower. The number of foraging honey bees (Apis cerana), which ranged from 1.1 to 15.6 bees/branch [per unit time], was positively correlated (P 0.1) with each of the nectar characteristics determined. The results support the theory that honey bees forage on plants giving the greatest return for energy expended. P. Walker. Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar 191121, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301203 Apis cerana/foraging/honey bees/nectar/Malus pumila/ pollination/Sugars/secretion/yield. Abrol, D. P. and Kapil, R. P. (1991) Foraging strategies of honeybees and solitary bees as determined by nectar sugar components. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences, 57(2), 127-132. J. M. Gedye. Determination of the sugar components of nectar from 12 subtropical crops showed that sucrose, glucose and fructose were the main components. Sucrose-dominated nectars included Cajanus cajan and Pongamia glabra; glucose-dominated nectars included Helianthus annuus, Brassica species, Trifolium alexandrinum, Parkinsonia aculeata, Medicago sativa, Coriandrum sativum and Foeniculum sp. Luffa cylindrica nectar had almost equal amounts of each sugar. There were also traces of maltose in nectar from P. glabra and P. aculeata. Apis dorsata, Megachile cephalotes, M. lanata and Xylocopa fenestrata visited flowers with sucrose-dominated nectar more frequently than others. Pithitis smaragdula and A. florea preferred glucose-dominated nectars. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratory of Animal Behaviour and Simulated Ecology, Department of Zoology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501262 Apidae/beneficial insects/Cajanus cajan/PONGAMIA PINNATA/Helianthus annuus/Brassica/Trifolium alexandrinum/Parkinsonia aculeata/Medicago sativa/Coriandrum sativum/Foeniculum/foraging/honey bees/Apoidea/nectar/sucrose/glucose/fructose/Apis florea/Apis dorsata/subtropical crops. Abrol, D. P. (1993) Insect pollination and crop production in Jammu and Kashmir. Current Science, 65(3), 265-269. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 34 references (mainly of papers by the author), deals with pollinator foraging behaviour and energetics, role of pollinators in fruit and seed production, and conservation and management of native pollinators in relation to the varying agroclimatic conditions in Jammu and Kashmir, India. A table shows which insects (mainly bees) pollinate a number of crop species grown in Jammu and Kashmir. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Section of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, R.S. Pura 181102, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501186 beneficial insects/pollinators/Apidae/pollination/insects/Apoidea/crops/by insects/by Apoidea/of crops/India/Jammu and Kashmir. Abrol, D. P. (1993) Ecology and utilization of insect pollinators frequenting pear flowers and their impact on fruit production. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 8(1), 18-21. Author. Fruit set on pear trees (Pyrus communis) in Shalimar, India, was much higher on open-pollinated flowers compared to those where pollinating insects were not allowed access. The flower visitors were bees (Lasioglossum sp., Colletes), flies (Musca sp., Syrphus sp.), mosquitoes, black ants, thrips and butterflies. Of the various flower visitors, Lasioglossum sp. was the most abundant (80%). The other insects visited in lower numbers and less regularly. Lasioglossum sp. appeared to be an efficient pollinator on the basis of its population density, foraging behaviour and ability to pollinate flowers per unit time. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar-191121, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501188 pollinators/beneficial insects/Halictus/Colletes/Musca/Syrphus/pollination/Lasioglossum/of Pyrus communis/by Lasioglossum/Pyrus communis. Abrol, D. P. (1993) Honeybee-virus infection and immunity. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 8(2), 116-118. Author. The possibility of immunity in honey bees against Thai sac brood virus (TSBV) infections was studied. A survey of beekeeping areas in Kashmir revealed that 5.7% of colonies of Apis cerana were free from viral infections and did not show any apparent symptoms of the disease. The results also indicated that percentage mortality in hived colonies was much higher (96.3%) than in feral colonies (79.2%). The results suggest that hive bees are more susceptible to viral infections compared to feral colonies, which seem to have more immunity than hive bees. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Regional Agri. Res. Station, R. S. Pura-181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501259 honey bees/beneficial insects/bee viruses/honey bee brood/sac brood/India/Jammu and Kashmir/immunity/Apis cerana/wild honey bee colonies. Abu-Zaid, M. I., Mazzeed, M. M. and Salem, M. M. (1987) Evaluation of some natural bioactive substances for controlling Acarapis woodi (Rennie). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series(16), 283-287. Extracts from clove [Syzygium sp.], Eucalyptus, peppermint [Mentha piperita], marjoram [Origanum vulgare] and wormwood [Artemisia sp.] were tested for control of Acarapis woodi. The extracts reduced the infestation of treated honey bee [Apis mellifera] colonies from 100% to 47.6, 68.1, 73.9, 64.0 and 78.2%, respectively, by 15 days after treatment and to zero by 32 days after treatment. Language: En. Author address: Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400940 Acaricidal plants/Syzygium/Eucalyptus/Mentha piperita/ Origanum vulgare/Artemisia/Acarapis woodi/control methods/ Pests/of honey bees/Honey bees. Abu-Zaid, M. I. and Salem, M. M. (1988) Evaluation of certain dosages of wormwood as bioactive agent against the acarine mite, Acarapis woodi (Rennie). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series(17), 121-125. In experiments in an apiary in Egypt, honey bee [Apis mellifera] colonies infested with Acarapis woodi were treated with 30, 45 or 60 g of wormwood [Artemisia sp.] powder. All treatments eventually eliminated the mites. It is recommended that a dose of 60 g should be used, as this reduced the infestation the most rapidly. No effects on honey bee queens or brood were observed. Language: En. Author address: Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400939 Acaricidal plants/Artemisia/Pests/of honey bees/Acarapis woodi/Honey bees/control methods. Accorti, M. and Cerretelli, G. (1988) The honeybee at the present time. Terra e Sole, 63, 406-409. Original title or source: Le api oggi. Discusses the honeybee's value as a crop pollinator and gives yields and values for crops grown in Italy in 1985. Library code: Bc. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100676 Pollination/by honeybees/economics/Honeybees/in Italy/Italy. Accorti, M. and Nannelli, R. (1988) Preliminary observations on the rearing of Varroa jacobsoni on immature stages of the honeybee under controlled conditions. Atti XV Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, L'Aquila, 13-17 Giugno 1988., 481-488. Original title or source: Osservazioni preliminari sull'allevamento di Varroa jacobsoni Oud. su stadi preimmaginali di ape in ambiente controllato. When reared in an incubator at 32C and RH 95%, nearly 94% of drones survived to become adults, although the developmental period was longer than under natural conditions; rearing at 35 or 32 and RH 85% was less successful. The development of the mites on immature drones depended on the survival of the host and apparently not on rearing conditions. P. Walker. Sezione Apicoltura, Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Florence, Italy. Page(s): 481-488. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100935 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/development/ laboratory rearing/ Varroidae/ Hymenoptera/ Apidae/ Acari/ Beneficial insects/ Insects/ Pollinators/ Arthropod pests/ Natural enemies/ Mites/Varroa jacobsoni/rearing techniques/Conferences/ National Italian Congress of Entomology/Apis/ectoparasites/ hosts. Accorti, M., Guarcini, R., Modi, G. and Persano Oddo, L. (1990) Urban pollution and honey bees. Apicoltura(6), 43-55. Honey samples were collected from honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies kept within or near the main ring road round Rome; 10 locations were sampled in 1984 and an additional 16 in 1985 and 1986. Results of pollen analyses of the honeys are compared for the 3 years. There was a high content of Eucalyptus pollen in 1984, of honeydew indicators in 1985, and of Trifolium pollen in 1986. In 1985, mean lead content was significantly higher than in the other years, and most samples contained more than 0.215 ppm which is the limit that has been suggested in honeys for human consumption. A possible link between the presence of lead and of honeydew indicators is discussed. P. Walker. Sezione di Apicolutra, Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Via Lanciola 12/a, Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Florence, Italy. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300308 Honey/impurities/lead/Pollution/urban areas/honeydew. Accorti, M. and Nannelli, R. (1990) Oviposition sequence and developmental time of the offspring of Varroa jacobsoni on drone brood of Apis mellifera ligustica. Apicoltura(6), 153-168. Original title or source: Sequenza di ovideposizione e tempo di sviluppo della prole di Varroa jacobsoni Oud. su covata maschile di Apis mellifera ligustica Spin. The following observations are reported. Oviposition by female V. jacobsoni does not always start 60 h after a drone cell has been capped, and there may be quite a wide variation. The first of the new generation of mite offspring is always male; the first female offspring is found 36 h later, and others appear at intervals of about 30 h; a third female offspring is found in only about 4% of cells. From these results, some hypotheses are put forward for the order of egg laying and for development times of male and female mites. P. Walker. Sezione Apicoltura, Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Via Lanciola 12/a, Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Florence, Italy. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300279 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/oviposition/ development. Accorti, M., Guarcini, R. and Persano Oddo, L. (1991) The honey bee as a biological indicator and test insect. Redia, 74(1), 1-15. Original title or source: L'ape: indicatore biologico e insetto test. J. M. Gedye. The role of the honey bee as an indicator of changes in the environment is considered. The following limitations are discussed: unsuitability for monitoring in winter; natural mortality or drifting preventing bees from returning to the hive; excessive sensitivity to pesticides; the problem of surveying a whole colony; the bias of individual colonies to particular food sources. It is concluded that the honey bee may act as an indicating species (by its presence or absence), as a true indicator (by measuring damage to colonies) and as a collector and accumulator of pollutants ( in their bodies and in honey and wax). Library code: Ba. Language: It. Author address: Sezione di Apicoltura, Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Via Lanciola 12/a, Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Florence, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400856 Pollution/monitoring/Honey bees/indicators. Accorti, M. (1991) Preliminary observations on the drifting behaviour of honey bees. Apicoltura(7), 1-15. Original title or source: Indagine preliminare sulla deriva delle api. Author. In observations on 56 Apis mellifera ligustica colonies (hives in 3 different arrangements), levels of drifting ranged from 5% to 70%. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the effects of various components of the drifting phenomenon. It is suggested that bees have a marked tendency to 'wander'and that this affects not only foragers. Dispersion of bees may be defined as a 'temporary drift'which may be followed by the adoption of a new host colony until further drifting occurs. The hypothesis proposes that there is a continuous interaction among the members of colonies present in a particular biotope, and that an equilibrium is set up which is dependent on the environmental and beekeeping conditions of the biotope. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Sezione di Apicoltura, Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Via Lanciola, Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Florence, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401205 Honey bees/drifting. Accorti, M. (1992) Observations on the drifting behaviour of bees. Ethology, Ecology & Evolution(Special issue 2), 33-36. See AA 1205/93. This paper was originally published in Italian [Apicoltura (1991) No. 7: 1-15]. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Sezione Apicoltura, Via Lanciola, Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Florence, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501316 honey bee colonies/Apis mellifera/beneficial insects/honey bees/drifting. Acereto, J. G., Morales, S. M. and Medina, E. O. (1991) Practical manual for rearing native [Mexico] stingless bees. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, Yik'el Kab A. C. Original title or source: Manual practico para criar abejas nativas sin aguijon. Simply written text illustrated by many drawings. Page(s): 43 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400343 Rearing techniques/Meliponinae. Acereto, J. G. and Gonzalez, V. C. (1991) Comparison of honey production by Melipona beecheii colonies living in hollow tree trunks and by colonies in modern boxes (PNN, PA-1 and INPA-1), and their consumption of food supplies over four months. Sostenibilidad Maya(3), 13. Original title or source: Comparacion entre la produccion de miel entre colonias de Melipona beecheii Bennett alojadas en troncos ahuecados (jobones) y cajas modernas (PNN, PA-1 e INPA-1) a las cualas se suministro alimentacion energetica durante cuatro meses. D. G. Lowe. This study was carried out in SeptemberDecember 1989 in Yucatan, Mexico. Colonies (total 15) in hollow trunks and in PNN, PA-1 and INPA-1 box hives were fed with 40 cm syrup (40% water, 50% sugar, 10% honey) every 3 days. Graphs show colony population, brood, food reserves, queen rearing, nest involucrum, colony condition (all graded on a scale 16) over the experimental period. Mean honey yields from colonies in hollow trunks, PNN, PA-1 and INPA-1 were 1.25, 1.32, 1.40 and 1.28 kg, respectively. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400344 Rearing techniques/Melipona/honey/production. Ackerman, J. D. (1985) Euglossine bees and their nectar hosts. The botany and natural history of Panama [edited by D'Arcy, N. G.; Correa, M. D.]. St. Louis, MO, USA, Missouri Botanical Gardens, 225-233. Floral baits, mostly composed of the constituents of floral fragrances of orchids pollinated by male euglossine bees, were used to attract bees to a site in a tropical moist forest in Panama. Forty-four species of bee were observed: Euglossa (28 species), Eufriesia (9), Eulaema (5) and Exaerete (2). Species richness was greatest in the early wet season and lowest in the middle of the wet season. Smaller, short-tongued bees were dominant in the dry and early wet seasons, but in the remainder of the year bee abundance was low and large-bodied, long-tongued species were more prevalent. Five plant families accounted for 80% of the nectar sources of male euglossine bees. Most bloomed in the early and mid-wet seasons. Two-thirds of the species had a steady-state flowering strategy (producing a few flowers at a time and flowering for extended periods). J. M. Gedye. Page(s): 225-233. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100070 Euglossini/seasonal cycle/Foraging/nectar. Ackerman, J. D. (1989) Geographic and seasonal variation in fragrance choices and preferences of male euglossine bees. Biotropica, 21(4), 340-347. The fragrance preferences of male euglossine bees were tested in Panama for one year, using 16 chemical attractants. Baits were presented every week at a tropical moist forest site and every 4 weeks at a pre-montane wet forest site. Within sites, fragrance choices of species overlapped considerably, but each species was attracted to a unique set of baits. The 5 baits preferred by most species were the same for both sites (cineole, methyl salicylate, skatole, vanillin and methyl cinnamate). Seasonal variation in fragrance preferences occurred for 16 of 21 species examined at the pre-montane site. All 4 genera of Euglossini known in the region (Euglossa, Eulaema, Eufriesea and Exaerete) were represented, with 44 species visiting each site, 78% being present at both sites. J. M. Gedye. Dept. Biology, Univ. Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR 00931, USA. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200080 Euglossini/seasons/effects/Foraging/fragrance/chemicals. Ackermann, T. (1991) Fast chromatographic study of propolis crudes. Food Chemistry, 42(2), 135-138. P. Walker. Rapid thin-layer chromatography was used to separate some of the compounds in propolis. Differences were found in the TLC patterns of crude propolis samples from different geographical sources. Propolis extracts showed the same patterns as their starting materials except that a minor band was absent from extract patterns. This method might be useful for the separation of compounds from propolis so that they can be identified. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Hagilboa Street 18, Jerusalem 94314, Israel. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501078 propolis/chemical composition/composition/thin-layer chromatography/analytical methods/chromatography/hive products/as hive products. Adam, B. (1991) An inescapable challenge. American Bee Journal, 131(8), 508-510. This article discusses how honey bees [Apis mellifera] resistant to Varroa jacobsoni could be obtained by a programme of cross-breeding. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400222 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/resistance/ Breeding. Adams, P. B., Bartareau, T. and Walker, K. L. (1992) Pollination of Australian orchids by Trigona (Tetragona) jurine bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Australian Entomological Magazine, 19(4), 97-101. Author. Trigona bees are confirmed pollinators of 5 Australian species of Dendrobium, 2 species of Cymbidium, and Caladenia carnea, and are probable pollinators of other dendrobiums, a further Cymbidium species, and Sarcochilus species in north-eastern Queensland. Trigona carbonaria has been reported for several of these orchids, but a number of other Trigona species, presently undescribed or unidentified, are important in pollination. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Gratton St. Parkville, Vic., 3052, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501181 beneficial insects/pollinators/Apidae/pollination/Trigona/of Orchidaceae/by Trigona/Australia/Orchidaceae. Adams, P. B. and Lawson, S. D. (1993) Pollination in Australian orchids: a critical assessment of the literature 1882-1992. Australian Journal of Botany, 41(4-5), 553-575. A century of pollination studies of Australian orchids is reviewed. Criteria for establishing 'confirmed', 'probable' and 'suggested' pollinator status are defined and recommended. When applied to 153 published pollination reports, there are 24 terrestrial species with 'confirmed' pollinators and a further 47 species with 'probable' pollinators (orchid species and their pollinators are listed). Pollination syndromes are discussed; the major syndromes confirmed are wasp pollination by pseudocopulation (15 species) and the bee pollination syndrome of food mimicry (5 species). Nectar and pollen reward systems operate in a small number of species. Eleven epiphytic species have 'confirmed' pollinators, and 4 have 'probable' pollinators. Thirteen of the 14 confirmed reports of epiphyte pollination describe social or solitary bees, mainly of the genus Trigona, apparently attracted by floral display and intense fragrance, which may constitute a chemical reward system. Dendrobium is the main epiphytic genus with confirmed pollinators. Library code: 128 ref., 1 map. Language: En. Author address: School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Ausralia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501127 Dendrobium/Trigona/flowers/Orchidaceae/pollination/pollinators/Vespidae/Apidae/reviews/animals/Apoidea/of Orchidaceae/by animals/by Apoidea/by Trigona/Australia. Adbes, M. (1993) Contamination of bees and honey with malathion used against Varroa. Hayvan Asilari Kontrol Merkezi Mudurlugu Dergisi, 17(31), 105-114. Original title or source: Ar ve baln Varroa mucadelesinde kullanlan malathion ile kontaminasyonu. Library code: 11 ref. Language: Tr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501423 residues/malathion/honey/honey bees/Varroa/pesticide residues/pests/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods. Adegas, J. E. B. and Nogueira Couto, R. H. (1992) Entomophilous pollination in rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) in Brazil. Apidologie, 23(3), 203-209. P. Walker. In experiments in Brazil, the cultivar CTC-4 flowered for 35 days; each flower was open for an average of 33 h. Average weight of sugar present in a flower was 16.3 g, and in nectar taken from honey sacs of honey bees (Apis mellifera) the sugar concentration was 37 <+-> 18%. Honey bees constituted 80.6% of insect visitors to the flowers, Trigona spinipes 12.8% and Dialictus sp. 6.6%. Honey bees collected nectar throughout the day; a bee spent, on average, 3.23.5 s on a flower. Honey bees also collected pollen from 07.00 to 11.00 h, spending 20 s on each flower. The pollen contained 17.5% total protein. Honey bee pollination resulted in significantly more pods/m: on plots caged with bees, 799; on open-pollinated plots, 540; on plots caged without bees 308. Average seed weight was also significantly higher (2.6, 2.6, 2.1 mg, respectively). No significant differences were found in seeds/pod, numbers of normal and abnormal seeds and seed germination. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterinarias, UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400696 Pollination/by honey bees/by Dialictus/of Brassica napus/by Trigona/Honey bees/Trigona/Dialictus/Brassica napus/foraging/ nectar/pollen. Adjare, S. O. (1989) A decade of Ghana's apiculture development Technology Consultancy Centre's experience. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 496-497. Page(s): 496-497. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100808 Beekeeping/Ghana. Adjare, S. O. (1990) Beekeeping in Africa. Agricultural Services Bulletin, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(68/6), xii + 130. This is a clearly written, practical guide for the use of persons wishing to begin beekeeping in Africa. The introduction discusses such questions as ' Is the African bee worth keeping ?. Where to keep bees?' and 'Who should keep bees ?'. This is followed by a chapter describing the honey bee colony and its annual cycle, and honey bee castes. Chapter 3 is a short chapter on anatomy. It is unfortunate that there is no mention of taxonomy, as the impression is given that there is just one type of African honey bee. The author has a long experience of beekeeping in Ghana and this is apparent in the remaining 7 chapters of the book, which deal with traditional, top-bar and frame hives, equipment, management, harvesting honey and beeswax, adverse factors (e.g. rain, bush burning, honey hunting) and enemies, diseases, pollination and queen rearing. The descriptions of colony manipulations should be particularly helpful to beginners. The book has a short appendix listing sources of bee forage, but there is no index. Apiculture Promotion Unit, Technology Consultancy Centre, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300841. Adler, A. and Engels, W. (1990) Bioassays with worker bees for testing attraction and other releaser effects of queen pheromone components. Apidologie, 21(4), 351-353. Original title or source: [Summary]. A Y-shaped olfactometer was used to test the effects of queen pheromone compounds on individual workers. The smallest amount of 9-oxo-2-decenoic acid tested (1.875 g) was attractive to workers, but 15 g was repellent; 5 g of methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate (MPHB) was attractive but 11 g was repellent. Workers were indifferent to (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)-2-phenylethanol. When offered a choice between 1.875 g 9-ODA and 5 g MPHB, bees preferred the former; they preferred a mixture of these two compounds to 9-ODA alone. In a nucleus, the queen was replaced by a test compound; 9-ODA inhibited queen rearing (building of queen cells), but not as strongly as a live queen. The effect was dose-related: a 4-fold increase in the dose doubled the inhibitory effect. P. Walker. Lehrstuhl Entwicklungsphysiologie, Zoologisches Inst., Univ. Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 7400 Tubingen. German Federal Republic. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200938 Queen honeybees/worker honeybees/relationships/pheromones/ 9-Oxo-trans-2-decenoic acid/Senses/smell. Adolphi, K. (1990) The status of Aster novae-angliae. Floristische Rundbriefe, 24(1), 35-37. Original title or source: Zum status von Aster novae-angliae L. This species of Aster is probably fully naturalized in Germany, growing mainly on river banks. It was originally planted by beekeepers. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Author address: Kolpingstrasse 36, 5461 Rossbach/Wied, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500222 Aster/honey bee forage/Germany. Afifi, E. A., Khattab, M. M., El-Berry, A. A. and Abdel-Gawaad, A. A. (1989) Effect of royal jelly on guinea-pig growth. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 42-45. A 5-week experiment was carried out in 1980 on 24 guinea-pigs, 45 days old, divided into 6 groups. The guinea-pigs were injected subcutaneously each day with royal jelly solution at doses of (A) 100, (B) 200 or (C) 300 mg/kg body weight. The experiment was repeated in 1981. the average gain in body weight of the animal was 136.2, 144.7 and 150.5 g in A, B and C, respectively; in animals injected with water (controls) it was 119.5 g. Differences between controls and B or C were highly significant. D. G. Lowe. Fac. Agric., Zagazig Univ., Moshtohor, Egypt. Page(s): 42-45. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100982 Royal jelly/as hive products/Hive products/Guineapigs/weight/ growth. Aggarwal, K. and Kapil, R. P. (1988) Seasonal population dynamics of Tropilaelaps clareae (Acari: Laelapidae) in Apis dorsata colonies. Progress in acarology. Volume 2 [edited by Channabasavanna, G. P.; Viraktamath, C. A.]. New Delhi, India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 283-286. Apis dorsata colonies located on the plains of the Hisar district, Haryana, India, were inspected for the presence of T. clareae during the period March 1982 to April 1985. The highest infestation levels occurred in March and April. The mite appeared to reproduce between March and May when eggs, larvae and nymphs were seen inside sealed brood cells. T. clareae showed no significant affinity for drone brood and was found infesting both drone and worker brood. D. G. Lowe. Acarology Lab., Dept. Zoology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hisar, Haryana 125 004, India. Page(s): 283-286. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100429 Apis dorsata/pests/Tropilaelaps/of honeybees/Honeybees/India/ Haryana/population dynamics. Agnisetta, S. and Cesare, A. (1991) Bee plants of the regional park of the Campo dei Fiori massif [Italy]. Ape Nostra Amica, 13(3), 31-33. Original title or source: Flora apistica del parco regionale nel massiccio del Campo dei Fiori. Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. Italy. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300918 Honey bee forage/Italy. Agnisetta, S. (1992) Seasonal changes in insect pollinators. Ape Nostra Amica, 14(3), 13-16. Original title or source: Alternanza stagionale di insetti impollinatori. The seasonal incidence of honey bees, bumble bees and other insect pollinators on a fruit farm in Varese, Italy. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400337 Pollination/by honey bees/of fruit crops/by Bombus/Honey bees/ Bombus/Fruit crops. Agren, J. and Schemske, D. W. (1991) Pollination by deceit in a neotropical monoecious herb, Begonia involucrata. Biotropica, 23(3), 235-241. J. M. Gedye. The nectarless female flowers of B. involucrata have stigmas which are bicornute and dark yellow, strongly mimicking the anthers of the male flowers. The petaloid sepals of male flowers are larger than those of female flowers but the number of open flowers does not differ between male- and female-phase inflorescences. Both have a sweet odour. In a B. involucrata population in Costa Rica, the stingless bee Trigona grandipennis consistently showed a preference for male-phase inflorescences, visiting 3.49.6 times as many male as female inflorescences (to forage for pollen). Visits lasted an average of 29.8 s at male flowers and 2.6 s at female flowers. Despite this, fruit set averaged 76% and seed set 57%. In hand-pollination tests, fruit set increased to 79%; seed set appeared to have been pollen-limited as it also increased to 79%. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Botany, KB-15, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500412 pollination/Trigona/of Begonia/by Trigona/Begonia/foraging/pollen/Begonia/mimicry/Begonia/flowers/characteristics/Begonia. Aguar, O., Carvajal, L. and Faus, G. (1991) Monofloral honeys the identification of aromatic compounds through gaseous chromatography. Apiacta, 26(3), 65-68. Samples of monofloral (unifloral) orange, lavender and rosemary honeys and 'forest' honey were analysed. Different chromatograms were obtained for each honey type, and the use of gas chromatography in determining the botanical origin of a honey seems promising. P. Walker. Avda. de Remedios 8, Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300621 Honey/composition/aromatic compounds/botanical composition/ analytical methods/gas chromatography. Agwu, C. O. C. and Akanbi, T. O. (1985) A palynological study of honey from four vegetation zones of Nigeria. Pollen et Spores, 27(3/4), 335-348. Pollen analyses were carried out on 7 honeys from 7 localities in 4 vegetation zones in Nigeria. The 56 pollen types identified belonged to 35 families. The major nectar sources of the honeys were Butyrospermum paradoxum, Parkia clappertoniana, Prosopis africana, Crossopteryx febrifuga, Elaeis guineensis, Irvingia gabonensis and Nicotiana tabacum. The geographical origin and the period of a honey production were associated with the botanical composition of a honey. There were indications that the weight of pollen in a honey could be used in differentiating between pure and adulterated honeys, but further investigations are necessary. D. G. Lowe. Palynology Res. Lab., Dept. Botany, Univ. Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100620 Honey/pollen analysis/Nigeria/Honeybee forage. Agwu, C. O. C., Obuekwe, A. I. and Iwu, M. M. (1989) Pollen analytical and thin-layer chromatographic examination of Nsukka (Nigeria) honey. Pollen et Spores, 31(1-2), 29-43. J. M. Gedye. Analysis of 8 honey samples from wild honey bee colonies revealed 56 pollen types from 29 families. Thirteen were identified at genus level and 33 at species level. The most important honey plants were Elaeis guineensis, Lophira lanceolata and Syzygium guineense. Thin-layer chromatography showed that the only sugars in the samples were fructose and glucose. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Palynology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400923 Honey/pollen analysis/Nigeria/Honey bee forage/Sugars/ composition. Ahmad, R. and Waghchoure, E. S. (1984) Studies on migration of honeybee colonies and its effect on honey yield. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 16(2), 113-117. The average honey yield of one set of 5 colonies migrated within an area between sites at Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Haripur and Swat, was 16.08 kg/colony. Another set of 5 colonies migrated between sites at Gujar Khan, Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Haripur suffered 40% mortality and produced an average yield of 4.7 kg/colony. the average yields of groups of 5 colonies kept permanently in Swat and Islamabad were 3.3 and 2.8 kg/colony, respectively, with a 60% loss of colonies. The major and minor nectar sources at each locality are listed in a table wih details of honey production and the periods when colonies were present. The data were used to develop schedules for the migration of colonies between various floral belts in the Punjab and NWFP. D. G. Lowe. Pakistan Agric. Res. Council, Islamabad, Pakistan. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100547 Migratory beekeeping/Pakistan/Honeybee colonies/honey-getting capacity/Nectar plants. Ahmad, R. (1988) Studies on management of the rock bee, Apis dorsata F., in Pakistan. Bee keeping in the year 2000. Proceedings of the Second Australian and International Beekeeping Congress, Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, July 21-26, 1988 [edited by Rhodes, J.W.]. Australia, International Colour Productions Pty. Lyd. for the Federal Council of Australian Apiarists' Associations, 187-188. Two A. dorsata colonies which stayed in a forested area in Punjab, Pakistan, throughout the year (instead of migrating) were used for queen production and management studies. Larvae from these colonies were grafted into selected A. mellifera colonies for queen rearing. Most A. mellifera colonies did not accept A. dorsata larvae but a few, with a large proportion of young bees, did so and reared them to the pupal stage. Resulting queen cells were introduced into the 2 A. dorsata colonies, which had been made queenless. The colonies, attached to sawn-off branches, were then placed in cages made from wooden frames and 16-mesh wire gauze. Each cage had a movable lid and two 5.8-mm entrances. The caged colonies were moved to various sites throughout the year to take advantage of different flows, and were fed with 12 kg sugar and 1 kg pollen during dearth periods. The 2 colonies produced 27 and 22.9 kg honey during the period from April 1986 to June 1987. D. G. Lowe. National Agric. Res. Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. Page(s): 187-188. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200471 Apis dorsata/beekeeping/management. Ahmad, R. (1988) Beekeeping in Pakistan: present status and economics. Progressive Farming, 8(2), 32-37. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100119 Beekeeping/management/economics/Pakistan. Ahmad, R. (1988) Honeybee parasitic mites and their control in Pakistan. Progressive Farming, 8(1), 34-36. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100254 Pests/of honeybees/Acari/Honeybees/control methods/Pakistan. Ahmad, R. (1988) Low-cost comb foundation press for oriental and occidental honeybees. Progressive Farming, 8(6), 30-32. Each of the 2 plates for the press is made by taking a cement or plaster cast of a sheet of high quality embossed comb foundation with cell sizes suitable for Apis cerana or A. mellifera. Details of suitable mixtures, and of the procedure, are given. When using the press to make sheets of comb foundation from melted beeswax, a releasing agent is first applied to both plates; it is made from 1 tablespoon [15 ml] honey in 1 litre warm water and 0.125 litre methylated spirit. P. Walker. Natn. Agric. Res. Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101219 Foundation/movable-comb hives. Ahmad, R. (1989) A note on the migration of Apis dorsata in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Bee World, 70(2), 62-65. During summer, A. dorsata colonies are found in abundance in the urban area of Port Blair, in areas cleared of forest and in other open localities. With the onset of the rainy season they migrate to deeper, inacessible forested areas and are rarely found in open places. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a tropical climate with abundant bee forage throughout the year, so it is unlikely that temperature or dearth can be the stimulus for the migration of A. dorsata. It is suggested that the probable reasons for the migration are the torrential rain and high winds experienced in MayNovember. D. G. Lowe. Central Agric. Res. Inst., Port Blair 744 101, India. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100428 Apis dorsata/migration/Honeybees/swarming/Andaman and Nicobar Islands/wind/effects. Ahmad, R. and Muzaffar, N. (1989) Studies on bird predators of honeybees and their control by a scaring device. Proceedings of the XXXIst International Congress of Apiculture, Warsaw, Poland, August 19-25, 1987. Bucharest, Romania, Apimondia Publishing House, 503-504. Page(s): 503-504. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100923 Pests/of honeybees/birds/Honeybees. Ahmad, R. (1989) Methods to control migration by Apis dorsata colonies in Pakistan. Bee World, 70(4), 160-162. Preliminary trials to control A. dorsata migrations by a combination of requeening with superior queens and feeding colonies in times of dearth are reported. A. dorsata larvae in queen cups were grafted into A. mellifera colonies. Those that survived until pupation were introduced into A. dorsata colonies as sealed queen cells. The queens that emerged were 1.5 times as large as normal queens, indicating that they had benefited from the abundant supply of royal jelly produced by the A. mellifera colonies. Three colonies headed by such queens in 1986, when there was a serious dearth, were fed sugar syrup. One colony migrated in August, another in September, and the third died due to severe cold in November. All other colonies in the area migrated much earlier, by the end of May or in June. In 1987, 3 A. dorsata colonies, headed by large queens produced naturally, were fed sugar syrup, but 2 migrated due to wax moth infestations. The third colony did not migrate, but there was an adequate supply of forage in the area. D. G. Lowe. Honeybee Res. Programme, Agric. Res. Council, Natn. Agric Res. Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101092 Apis dorsata/feeding/queen honeybees/swarming/migration/ Honeybees/swarms/control/production. Ahmad, R. (1992) Present status of beekeeping in Pakistan. Honeybees in mountain agriculture [edited by Verma, L. R.]. New Delhi, India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 211-219. D. G. Lowe. A brief description is given of honey bee species, bee forage, beekeeping equipment, pests and predators, and the economics of honey production. A table shows expenditure and income for beekeepers with 5, 80, 250 or 500 hives. Page(s): 211-219. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Author address: Honeybee Research Laboratory, National Agricultural Research Centre, Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401152 Beekeeping/Pakistan/management/economics. Ahmad, R. (1993) Beekeeping with Indian hive bee Apis cerana indica F. in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indian Bee Journal, 55(1/2), 1-8. P. Walker. Apis cerana colonies have been successfully kept (in hives) on the islands since 1980. Flowering plants provide a good nectar flow from January to May, but careful colony management is needed during the prolonged rainy season (JuneOctober). Feeding with sugar has been found impractical because of the unpredictable weather and the high humidity, so it is essential to leave enough honey in a hive for the dearth period. Average honey yield per colony is about 3.5 kg, but in coconut groves, where the dense canopy protects foraging bees, colonies continue to make honey in the rainy season. In the post-rainy season (October-December) colonies build up again rapidly in some areas, and swarming coincides with the start of flowering in January. Galleria mellonella and Vespa orientalis are major pests of A. cerana on the islands, and termites can be a problem, but no diseases have been found. It is concluded that the potential for the development of beekeeping is considerable. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744 101, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500795 beekeeping/honey bees/Apis cerana/honey/Galleria mellonella/Vespa orientalis/isoptera/pests/beneficial insects/Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Ahmed, H. and Chatterjee, B. P. (1988) Lectin receptors in glycoproteins from honeycomb and wasp nest. Biochemical Archives, 4(4), 365-371. Glycoproteins were isolated by phenol extraction of saline solutions made from (A) honey comb from a wild Apis mellifera nest, and (B) a Polistes hebraeus nest. In Ouchterlony gel diffusion tests with 16 lectins, 9 caused precipitation with both groups of glycoproteins. This suggested that they contained carbohydrate receptors for the lectins. The protein to carbohydrate ratio in the glycoproteins was 5:2 in A and 7:2 in B; GLC showed that both groups contained the same 6 carbohydrates. The amounts present in A glycoproteins were: rhamnose (0.3% by wt), arabinose (1.8%), mannose (1.0%), galactose (4.2%), glucose (1.3%) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (3.3%). Tests for sialic acid showed that it was not present. P. Walker. Dept. Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Calcutta 700 032, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200546 Honeybees/combs/glycoproteins/Polistes/nests. Ahmed, H. M. H., Siddig, M. A. and El-Sarrag, M. S. A. (1989) Honeybee pollination of some cultivated crops in Sudan. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 100-108. Insects visiting sunflower, cotton and lucerne crops in Sudan in 1985-86 and 1986-87 were sampled at regular intervals using a sweep net. Hymenopterous species were the most important pollinators and honeybees formed 75% of Hymenoptera on sunflowers, 80% on cotton and 72% on lucerne. Other bees which visited these crops and directly affected yield were Bombus spp., Nomia melanderi, Megachile rotundata and Halictus sp. Foraging peaks for honeybees occurred in the early morning and late afternoon. Plots of sunflowers pollinated (A) by honeybees, or (B) by honeybees and other insects, or screened from insect visitors (C) yielded 556, 652 and 72 kg seeds/feddan, respectively. Results for cotton, for the same treatments, were 769, 867 and 586 kg/feddan, respectively; and for lucerne 109, 121 and 33 kg/feddan, respectively. Seed quality and oil content were also highest in treatment B. D. G. Lowe. Fac. Agric., Univ. Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan. Page(s): 100-108. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101015 Pollination/by honeybees/of Helianthus annuus/by Apoidea/ Honeybees/Apoidea/of Gossypium/of Medicago sativa/Helianthus annuus/Gossypium/Medicago sativa. Ahmed, M. K., Choma, C. T. and Wong, P. T. T. (1992) High pressure FTIR study of interaction of melittin with dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol bilayers. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 63(1/2), 139-148. Infrared spectra of hydrated dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol (DMPG) and of aqueous dispersion of melittin and DMPG at peptide:lipid molar ratios of 1:10 and 1:4 were recorded as a function of pressure from atmospheric to 22 kbar. Spectral features corresponding to vibrations of the amide linkages in melittin and to various functional groups in DMPG (carbonyl, methylene, phosphate) were monitored in order to investigate the structure and dynamics of melittin:DMPG dispersions. Melittin was found to cause conformational and orientational disordering of the acyl chains in DMPG bilayers. The magnitude of these disorders was higher for higher concentration of melittin in DMPG. The higher concentrations of melittin was also found to disrupt the DMPG bilayers through interactions with the lipid head groups. Such disruption may be related to some of the biological properties of melittin. Library code: 44 ref. Language: En. Author address: Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501465 melittin/interactions/spectroscopy/lipids/dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol/toxinology/honey bee venom/effects/phospholipids. Ahn, S. B., Kim, I. S., Cho, W. S. and Choi, K. M. (1989) Survey on the use of honeybee pollination of strawberries grown in plastic greenhouses. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 4(1), 1-8. The survey was carried out in 4 strawberry-growing areas of Korea in FebruaryMarch 1988, and results were obtained for 175 plastic greenhouses. Usually, a 3- or 5-comb colony was used for pollination, and the hive was rotated between 2 or 3 plastic houses, with 1 or 2 days in each. The proportions of growers introducing honeybees before 10% of the crop had flowered were 56, 67, 86 and 90% in the 4 areas. Malformation of fruits was below 10% in 33, 63, 100, and 100% of the crops in the 4 areas. Some of the honeybee colonies were hired, but about half of the growers purchased colonies. Most of the colonies died after pollination because of bad weather, the condition of the plastic houses and ignorance of management techniques by the growers. Author. Dept. Entomology, Agric. Sci. Inst., Gueon-Seon-Gu, Suwon 440-707, Korea Republic. Library code: Bj. Language: Ko. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101369 Pollination/by honeybees/of Fragaria/Honeybees/Fragaria/ Greenhouse culture. Aidoo, K. S. and Paxton, R. J. (1991) Low-cost foundation. Beekeeping and Development(21), 4-5. The preparation of plain, non-embossed wax sheets for use in movable-comb hives is described. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300536 Foundation/movable-comb hives. Akchurin, M. M. and Shafikov, I. V. (1989) With the beekeepers of Mongolia. Pchelovodstvo(4), 45-47. Library code: Bj. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100115 Beekeeping/Mongolia. Akhter, H. A. and Hameedullah, M. (1990) Indigenous precision casting pattern material. Indian Foundry Journal, 36(2), 25-30. The bending strength, percentage expansion, m.p., and sagging due to their own weight of pure beeswax, carnauba wax, paraffin wax, rosin, and mixtures of these in various proportions, were studied. Beeswax did not have very good properties as a pattern material in precision casting and could not be used in its pure form. A blend of beeswax and paraffin wax (40 : 60) could be used providing percentage expansion and sagging were reduced by using additives. Coll. Eng. Technol., AMU, Aligarh 202002, India. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301031 Beeswax/uses/casting. Akimov, I. A., Zaloznaya, L. M. and Piletskaya, I. V. (1986) Arrhenotoky and sex determination in Varroa jacobsoni eggs. Vestnik Zoologii(4), 64-68. Direct counts showed no regularities in the oviposition of fertilized or unfertilized eggs within the temperature range 3336C. Evidence was obtained that haploid males are eliminated during ontogenesis. Author. Inst. Zoologii im I. I. Shmal'gauzena, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, USSR. Library code: Bb. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100356 Varroa jacobsoni/oviposition/development. Akimov, I. A. and Yastrebtsov, A. V. (1988) Embryonic development of the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni (Mesostigmata, Varroidae). Vestnik Zoologii(3), 55-62. Oocyte maturation and embryonic development in Varroa jacobsoni is described in detail and illustrated. D. G. Lowe. Inst. Zoologii im. I. I. Shmal'gauzena, Akad. Nauk. USSR, Str. Lenin 15, Kiev, USSR. Library code: Bb. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300013 Embryonic development/Varroa jacobsoni. Akimov, I. A., Piletskaya, I. V. and Yastrebtsov, A. V. (1988) Morphological and functional age-related changes in the reproductive system of female Varroa jacobsoni. Vestnik Zoologii(6), 48-55. During the life cycle of the female V. jacobsoni mite, its reproductive system shows morphological changes with increasing age that considerably limit its reproductive capacity. Synchronization of these changes with the development of its host occurs, with periods of intense oocyte development, high vitellogenin production, rapid embryo development ( 30 h), and parallel development of two eggs in the ovaries. Disruption of these processes causes the appearance of non-viable eggs and non-fertile females. Full female reproductive capacity is realized within a short period (56 days). Author. Inst. Zoologii im I. I. Shmal'gauzena, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, USSR. Library code: Bb. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100357 Varroa jacobsoni/development/reproduction/reproductive organs. Akimov, I. A., Zaloznaya, L. M., Efimov, V. M. and Galaktionov, Y. K. (1989) Seasonal polymorphism in the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans (Parasitiformes, Varroidae). Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii, 50(6), 819-823. A study of seasonal variability in V. jacobsoni and its correlation with intraspecific variability was carried out using 27 morphological characters. Winter and summer forms of the mite could be recognized, and this seasonal variability is thought to be one of the factors that has enabled V. jacobsoni to expand its distribution from tropical to temperate zones. Author. Inst. Zool., Acad. Sci. Ukr. SSR, Kiev, USSR. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301109 Varroa jacobsoni/morphology/seasonal variation. Akimov, I. A., Piletskaya, I. V. and Yastrebtsov, A. V. (1990) The reproductive cycle of Varroa jacobsoni and relationship with its host. Vestnik Zoologii(2), 41-46. The reproductive cycle of female V. jacobsoni is described and stages of it which are synchronized with the life cycle of its host (Apis mellifera) are discussed. These include oocyte development and the initiation of vitellogenesis, which occurs only after feeding on honeybee larvae has taken place. The start of oocyte development may be delayed for a considerable time in the absence of necessary factors. Author. Inst. Zoologii im I. I. Shmal'gauzena, Akad. Nauk USSR, Kiev, USSR. Library code: Bb. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201013 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/life cycle/ reproduction. Akimov, I. A. and Yastrebtsov, A. V. (1990) Comparative morphological characters of the mite Tropilaelaps clareae (Laelaptidae), a parasite of the honey bee. Parazitologiya, 24(1), 73-80. The morphology of T. clareae is compared with that of Varroa jacobsoni and it is concluded that the latter is better adapted to a parasitic life. Library code: Ba. Language: Ru. Author address: Institut Zoologii im I. I. Shmal'gauzena, Akad. Nauk USSR, Kiev, USSR. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400013 Tropilaelaps/morphology/Varroa jacobsoni. Akimov, I. A., Zaloznaya, L. M., Efimov, V. M. and Galaktionov, Y. K. (1991) Seasonal and geographical variation of morphological characters of Varroa jacobsoni (Parasitiformes, Varroidae); variation of mean values, standard deviations, and coefficients of fluctuating asymmetry. Entomological Review, 70(1), 106-117. Author. Morphological variations of Varroa jacobsoni distributed throughout the USSR were investigated with the help of principal component analysis. It was found that all basic population characteristics are subject to seasonal and geographical variation, and it was shown also that sources of seasonal and geographical variations are independent of each other. Language: En. Author address: Inst. Zool., Ukrainian SSR Acad. Sci., Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, USSR. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400950 Varroa jacobsoni/morphology/seasonal variation/biogeography/ Pests/of honey bees/Honey bees. Akre, R. D. (1991) Wasp research: strengths, weaknesses, and future directions. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 18(2), 223-231. Research on vespid wasps [see New Zealand Journal of Zoology (1989) 16 (3); (1991) 18 (2)] is critiqued and suggestions are given for possible new directions. [Six responses by various authors are given on pages 227-231.]. D. G. Lowe. Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300050 Vespula/research. Akre, R. D. and Mayer, D. F. (1994) Bees and vespine wasps. Bee World, 75(1), 29-37. D. G. Lowe. This review, with 32 references, describes predation on honey bee colonies by members of the subfamily Vespinae. It includes a summary of the results of a survey on the impact of wasps on beekeeping in USA and Canada. The defensive techniques used by honey bee colonies against attacks by wasps are described briefly. Control methods, including baiting, trapping, destruction of overwintering queens and biological control, are discussed and it is suggested that efforts to find and propagate wasp pathogens would be of practical use to beekeepers. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500633 honey bees/control methods/biological control/predation/reviews/Apis mellifera/Vespidae. Akukumah, N. R. (1989) GRATIS: an approach to training and small-scale entrepreneurship. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 299-301. Training beekeepers, especially women, in Ghana. Page(s): 299-301. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100807 Beekeeping/Ghana/women/Agricultural planning/developing countries/Adult education. Akyoz, S. and Severcan, F. (1988) Melittinlipid interactions: a FTIR spectroscopic study. Journal of Molecular Structure, 175, 371-376. The interaction of melittin with dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers containing cholesterol was investigated by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy after the transition from gel to fluid phase but before the melting of the boundary layer. The results indicate that, although the presence of cholesterol decreases the lipidprotein interaction, it does not affect the mobility of the melittin chain in DMPC bilayers. P. Walker. Dept. Physics, Fac. Arts & Science, Ondokuz Mayis Univ., Samsun, Turkey. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100322 Honeybee venom/melittin/effects/Phospholipids. Al'bert, R. S. (1988) Distribution of long-acting sulphonamide drugs in organs and tissues of honeybees. Veterinariya Nauka-Proizvodstvu, 26, 191-194. Experiments were carried out to determine the bacteriostatic and bactericidal concentrations of 5 sulphonamide drugs against various strains of bacilli. When fed to honeybees, bacteriostatic concentrations remained in various parts of the body for 37 days. D. Galton. Belorusskii Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Eksperimental'noi Veterinarii im. S. N. Vyshelesskogo, USSR. Library code: Ba. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200140 Honeybees/sulphonamides in/Inhibition/of bacteria/by sulphonamides/Bacteria/SULFONAMIDES. Al'bert, R. S., Skibo, V. N., Kenigsberg, Y. E. and Khatskevich, V. T. (1989) Chemo-prophylaxis and control of European foul brood of honeybees. Veterinarnaya Nauka-Proizvodstvu, 27, 190-192. Library code: Ba. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200993 Honeybee brood/European foul brood/prevention. Al-Fattah, M. A. A. (1991) Behaviour of honeybee foragers and their influence as pollinators on summer squash flowers (Cucurbita pepo L.). Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, 42(4), 1169-1186. The foraging activity of honey bees [Apis mellifera] and their efficiency as pollinators of summer squash was studied during 1990 in Egypt. In general, foraging behaviour was affected by the prevailing environmental conditions (RH, air temperature and wind velocity), which also affected nectar secretion by squash plants and its concentration. Good pollination of summer squash flowers was related to high RH, moderate temperature and low wind velocity. It is concluded that each squash plant requires at least 1 honey bee visit during the optimum pollination time (06.0009.00 h). Consequently, about 95000 honey bees (2 colonies) are required to pollinate 1 feddan (4200 m) of summer squash crop. Language: En. Author address: Dept. Ent., Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., Giza, Egypt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400335 Pollination/by honey bees/of Cucurbita pepo/Honey bees/ Cucurbita pepo/nectar/secretion/weather/effects. Al-Ghamdi, A. (1989) Beekeeping in Saudi Arabia. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 497-499. Page(s): 497-499. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100793 Beekeeping/Saudi Arabia. Al-Ghamdi, A. A. (1990) Survey of honeybee diseases, pests and predators in Saudi Arabia, MPhil Thesis, University of Wales, Cardiff, UK. During the survey, which was carried out in FebruaryMay 1989, 375 Apis mellifera colonies in 102 apiaries were examined for pests and signs of diseases. Samples consisting of abnormal or apparently healthy bee larvae, a number of workers (1025) and dead bees from hive bottom boards and entrances, were collected. Nosema apis was found in 6 apiaries, and Malpighaemoeba mellificae in 2. Ascosphaera apis was found in 6 apiaries. AFB was found in 2 apiaries, and EFB was suspected to be present in 1 apiary. Varroa jacobsoni and Braula coeca were present in 18 and 22 apiaries, respectively. Egypt and/or Japan bee virus was present in 3 areas, chronic bee paralysis virus in 2 areas, and bee virus Y, black queen cell virus and sacbrood virus each in one area. Pests and predators included Galleria mellonella, Achroia grisella, Philanthus triangulum, Vespa orientalis, Palarus latifrons, Bembix arenaria, Acherontia atropos, Meloe variegatus and Polistes wattii. Bee-eaters (Merops spp.) were observed in most areas. Factors affecting the distribution and spread of bee diseases and pests are discussed. D. G. Lowe. School of Pure and Applied Biology, Univ. Wales, Cardiff, UK. Saudi Arabia. Page(s): xix + 171 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101237 Honeybees/diseases/Saudi Arabia/pests/of honeybees/Theses. Al-Ghzawi, S. (1992) Invasion behaviour of the mite Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie, 23(4), 369-370. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. The behaviour of varroa mites was studied in relation to the brood on which they had developed and the brood nest arrangement. Female mites which had developed on worker brood usually entered new brood cells 68 days after the bees had emerged, but mites which had developed on drone brood invaded new cells 3 days earlier. Mites collected from 23-day-old drone brood invaded more quickly than those from 18-day-old drone brood. The development period in V. jacobsoni is apparently not related to the time available for the mites to feed on adult bees. Mites prefer to be transported around the brood nest by bees (rather than move independently). Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Author address: Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde, August-von-Hartmann Str. 13, 7000 Stuttgart 70, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400607 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/development/ Honey bee brood. Al-Ghzawi, S. (1992) Preliminary studies on the attractivity of the brood to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie, 23(4), 367-368. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Experimental cages with 2 chambers were designed for studying the movement of mites from infested bees in one chamber to brood combs in the other. The chambers were separated by a screen (synthetic net or Plexiglas sheet 14.5 cm thick) with holes large enough for mites but not for bees to pass through. No significant differences were found in the attractiveness of drone, worker or queen larvae, or of larvae of different ages. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Author address: Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde, August-von-Hartmann Str. 13, 7000 Stuttgart 70, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400608 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/larvae. Alam, M. Z. and Quadir, M. A. (1986) Role of honeybee in fruit and seed setting of bottle-gourd, Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl. Punjab Vegetable Grower, 21, 32-34. The fruit set of L. siceraria pollinated by honeybees (Apis cerana) was 15.00%, compared with 8.33% for hand-pollinated flowers and 3.335.00% for isolated plants. Honeybee-pollinated flowers also produced the greatest percentage of filled seed (60.35%). J. M. Gedye. Inst. Postgraduate Studies in Agric., Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100770 Pollination/by honeybees/of Lagenaria/Honeybees/Lagenaria/ Apis cerana. Alam, M. Z., Quadir, M. A. and Ali, M. (1987) Pollinating behaviour of honeybee, Apis indica F. and its influence on seed production of cauliflower. Bangladesh Horticulture, 15(1), 25-30. Honeybees (Apis cerana) visiting open plots of cauliflowers spent 9.03 s on each flower and 149.0 s on each plant. Corresponding values for plants caged with a small colony of honeybees were 6.69 s and 160.8 s. The number of flowers visited per minute was higher in caged plots. Open plots produced more seeds (11.5 per siliqua) compared with caged plots (9 per siliqua) and had a higher percentage of filled seed (69.70% compared with 54.20%). J. M. Gedye. Inst. Postgraduate Studies in Agric., Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100766 Pollination/by honeybees/of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis/ Honeybees/Brassica oleracea var. botrytis/Apis cerana. Alam, M. Z., Quadir, M. A. and Ali, M. S. (1987) Effect of bee pollination on seed production of carrot, Daucus carota L. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 16(2), 199-201. Open plots of carrots visited by Apis cerana foragers and a negligible number of wild insects produced 2396 seeds/umbel weighing 3.49 g. Plots caged to exclude insects produced only 160 seeds/umbel, weighing 0.34 g. Honeybee activity was highest between 09.00 and 11.00 h when the temperature averaged from 31.8 to 34.9C. Foraging activity declined as temperature increased and did not resume again in favourable temperatures in the evening, possibly because of lack of pollen and nectar. J. M. Gedye. Inst. Postgraduate Studies in Agric., Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100767 Pollination/by honeybees/of Daucus carota/Honeybees/Apis cerana/Daucus carota. Alamanni, M. C. (1994) Enzymatic estimation of glucose, fructose and sucrose and study of maize polysaccharides in samples of honey. Rivista della Societa Italiana di Scienza dell'Alimentazione, 23(1), 81-86. Original title or source: Determinazione enzimatica di glucosio, fruttosio e saccarosio e ricerca di polisaccaridi del mais in campioni di miele. A modification of the Boehringer enzymatic method was used to estimate glucose, fructose and sucrose in 39 samples of honey of different origin. The method is rapid and sensitive and is proposed as an alternative to the official method of estimating sugars in honey. Maize polysaccharides, indicators of honey adulteration with isoglucose, were separated chromatographically from honey polysaccharides in some samples and identified by thin layer chromatography. Library code: 8 ref. Language: It. Author address: Cattedra di Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto di Tecnica Famaceutica, Facolta di Farmacia, Universita di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 97100 Sassari, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501408 sugars/honey/analytical methods/composition/glucose/fructose/sucrose/analytical methods/adulteration/analytical methods/polysaccharides/determination/analysis/detection. Alberto, C. (1991) Plastic frames: utilization in beekeeping. Comparative study between types made in California. Albariza(3), 17-20. Original title or source: Cuadros de plastico: utilizacion de cuadros de plastico para la apicultura. Estudio comparativo entre distintos tipos realizados en California. P. Walker. In trials in southern California, the total honey yield from hives with Perma-Comb framed combs was 20% higher than from hives with Pierco or Duraglit plastic frames. The cells in Perma-Comb are of such a depth that the bees do not have to draw the combs. Also the honey is more easily extracted. However, bees were rather slower to accept Perma-Comb than the other types. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400186 Plastic combs/movable-comb hives/Honey/yields. Albisetti, J. and Fleche, C. (1993) Bee health: nosema disease [technical leaflet 8 1 30]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 20(4), 193-196. Original title or source: Sanitaire: la nosemose [fiche technique 8 1 30]. This replaces fiche technique No. 55 (1974). Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: 40630 Sabres, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500992 honey bees/Apis mellifera/nosema disease/Nosema apis/beneficial insects. Albisetti, J. and Fleche, C. (1993) Bee health: American foul brood [technical leaflet 8 1 10]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 20(4), 183-188. Original title or source: Sanitaire: la loque americaine [fiche technique 8 1 10]. This replaces fiche technique No. 37 (1975). Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: 40630 Sabres, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500994 honey bee brood/Apis mellifera/Bacillus larvae/American foul brood/beneficial insects. Albisetti, J. and Fleche, C. (1993) Bee health: European foul brood [technical leaflet 8 1 20]. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 20(4), 189-192. Original title or source: Sanitaire: la loque europeenne [fiche technique 8 1 20]. This replaces fiche technique No. 38 (1975). Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Author address: 40630 Sabres, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500998 honey bee brood/Apis mellifera/European foul brood/Melissococcus pluton/beneficial insects. Albizati, K. F., Holman, T., Faulkner, D. J., Glaser, K. B. and Jacobs, R. S. (1987) Luffariellolide, an anti-inflammatory sesterterpene from the marine sponge Luffariella sp. Experientia, 43, 949-950. Luffariellolide reduces chemically-induced inflammation in vivo and is a partially reversible inhibitor of phospholipase A from honeybee venom. Its properties are described and compared with those of manoalide, another anti-inflammatory sesterterpene from Luffariella. D. G. Lowe. Scripps Inst. Oceanography, Univ. California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200001 Honeybee venom/phospholipase A/inhibition/Luffariellolide/ Inflammation. Albuquerque, C. M. R. d., Hadj-Idris, A. E. Q. and Hertz, E. (1989) Evolution and perisympathetic organs in the ventral nerve cord of Melipona scutellaris (Latreille, 1811) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 33(3/4), 421-428. D. G. Lowe. The ventral nerve cord of Melipona scutellaris presents, at the beginning of the metamorphosis process, 12 morphologically similar ganglia which are reduced to 7 in the imago as a result of 4 fusions. The development process is described in detail. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Geral, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitaria, 50739 Recife, PE, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400804 Melipona/central nervous system/development. Albuquerque, P. M. C. d. and Rego, M. M. C. (1989) Phenology of bees visiting murici trees (Byrsonima crassifolia). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Nova Serie, Zoologie, 5(2), 163-178. Original title or source: Fenologia das abelhas visitantes de murici (Byrsonima crassifolia, Malpighiaceae). Author. Murici (Byrsonima crassifolia) is an important human food resource in N. and NE Brazil. From 5 May 1984 to 25 April 1985, 1322 specimens of bees belonging to 6 tribes were collected from murici in Maranha\ti\o, Brazil, including specialist oil-collecting bees of the Centridini, Exomalopsini and Tetrapediini. Augochloropsis crassigena, one of the most frequent species (7%), is not an oil-collecting specialist. Four species of Trigona were the most abundant (78%) of the bees. Centris, with 10 species, formed 7% of the population, followed by Epicharis (0.5%), Paratetrapedia (5.3%), Tetrapedia (1.7%), Dicranthidium (0.3%) and Tetragona (0.2%). Murici flowers throughout the year, but there is a maximum flowering period in the dry period (August to December). Fruiting occurs between October and March. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Author address: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhao, Largo dos Amores, No. 21, Sao Luis, MA 65000, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500049 foraging/Apoidea/Byrsonima crassifolia. Alcala, M. and Gomez, R. (1990) Calculation of the water activity of honey. Alimentacion Equipos y Tecnologia(May), 99-100. Original title or source: Calculo de la actividad del agua de la miel. P. Walker. Water activity (A) can be calculated from the equation A = (0.025 g water/100 g honey) + 0.13. Actual values of water activity are given for 35 honeys, for which calculated values are also listed. For 17 of the samples, the difference in the two values is 0.005 or less; for 7 of the samples the difference is 0.016 or more; the rest are intermediate. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Tecnologia y Bioquimica de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400241 Honey/water activity/composition/water/ Honey/water/activity. Alcobia, J. J. F. (1987) A movable horizontal hive in Mozambique. Apicultura no Brasil(23), 4-5. Original title or source: A colmeia movel horizontal em Mocambique. Dimensioned drawings are given. Library code: Bj. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100215 Beekeeping/management/Mozambique/Horizontal hives/Movable-comb hives. Alcobia, J. J. F. and Miranda, A. (1991) Beekeeping in Mozambique. Bees and beekeeping in southern Africa. Proceedings of the International Beekeepers' Symposium held at Stellenbosch, South Africa, 24-26 January, 1990 [edited by Anderson, R. H.; Buys, B.]. Cape Town, South Africa, S. A. Federation of Beekeepers' Associations, 148-149. Program Nacional de Apicultura, P.O. Box 1011, Maputo, Mozambique. Mozambique. Page(s): 148-149. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301221 Beekeeping/Mozambique. Alcobia, J. J. F. (1991) The horizontal moveable frame hive of Mozambique. Bees and beekeeping in southern Africa. Proceedings of the International Beekeepers' Symposium held at Stellenbosch, South Africa, 24-26 January, 1990 [edited by Anderson, R. H.; Buys, B.]. Cape Town, South Africa, S. A. Federation of Beekeepers' Associations, 156. Used in beekeeping with Apis mellifera scutellata. Program Nacional de Apicultura, P.O. Box 1011, Maputo, Mozambique. Mozambique. Page(s): 156. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301316 Honey bees/races/Apis mellifera scutellata/Horizontal hives/ Movable-comb hives/Beekeeping/Mozambique. Alcock, J. and Smith, A. P. (1987) Hilltopping, leks and female choice in the carpenter bee Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) varipuncta. Journal of Zoology, 211, 1-10. Males of X. varipuncta were observed to defend hovering stations at small creosote bushes (Larrea divaricarta) on ridgetops as well as at large ironwood trees (Olnyea tesota) in dry washes of a desert area in Arizona, USA. Dispersing females were thought to use both ridgetops and dry washes as orientation guides, chanelling them to potential mates. During the height of the flight season, both males and females were more concentrated on the ridges than in the washes. Males were particularly densely aggregated at or near prominent peaks and, at times, two or more occupied the same bush. Females visited hovering males infrequently and showed a high degree of freedom in choice of mate. Males were usually rejected after close inspection. It is suggested that females may choose males because of their particular secretion of pheromones rather than by selecting on the basis of territorial position. J. M. Gedye. Dept. Zoology, Arizona State Univ., Tempe. AZ 85287, USA. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100106 Xylocopa/territory/mating/sex attractants. Alcock, A. and Alcock, L. (1989) Beekeeping in the Yukon. Canadian Beekeeping, 15(3), 53. Canada. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101116 Beekeeping/Canada/Yukon Territory. Alcock, J. (1989) Size variation in the anthophorid bee Centris pallida: new evidence on its long-term maintenance. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 62(4), 484-489. A population of Centris pallida in Arizona, which was sampled at intervals from 1974 to 1988, revealed persistent variation in male body size even though large individuals consistently enjoyed superior mating success. A component of the large male advantage was the ability of very large males to wrestle females away from groups of fighting rivals that sometimes formed around freshly-emerged females. Despite the high reproductive success of large males, there was no reduction in the range of variation in male body size nor any increase in the mean body size of males in this population over 14 years. Author. Dept. Zoology, Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101049 Centris/size/variation/mating. Alcock, J. (1990) Body size and territorial behavior in the bee Protoxaea gloriosa (Fox) (Hymenoptera: Oxaeidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 66(2), 157-161. Author. Protoxaea gloriosa exhibits a resource-based mating system with males defending small territories, usually by flowering plants. Males appear to apply scent marks on vegetation near their hovering stations. Male body size is positively correlated with the number of flowers in male territories. Convergent evolution is apparent in the similarities between the behaviour of P. gloriosa and some other unrelated bees whose males defend foodplants visited by females. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400820 Protoxaea/males/size/mating/territory. Alcock, J. and Johnson, M. D. (1990) Female mate choice in the carpenter bee Xylocopa varipuncta (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Journal of Zoology, 221(2), 195-204. Author. Females of X. varipuncta exhibit highly active mate choice. During spring in central Arizona, USA, males of this species hover at shrubs and trees on or near ridgelines in late afternoons. Occasionally, females fly to and closely approach pheromone-releasing males on their territories, but in 65 of 85 approaches observed the female left without copulating. Some females visited several males in a few minutes. Copulation occurred only when the female landed on a spot that the resident male rubbed with his body upon the female's arrival. Males did not attempt to disrupt courtship or copulation by other males. In 1988 one creosote bush (Larrea divaricata) proved especially attractive to males, measured by the frequency with which the site was occupied simultaneously by more than one male. The majority of close approaches by females occurred in this one bush. Simultaneous occupation of hovering sites was very rare in 1989. In this year, there was a weak but significant correlation between the frequency with which different sites were visited by intruder males and by females. These results support the hypothesis that males are able to identify locations most likely to attract potential mates. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400824 Xylocopa/females/mating/males/territory. Alcock, J. (1991) Mate-locating behavior of Xylocopa californica arizonensis Cresson (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 64(4), 349-356. Author. Studies of this bee were made in the Chiricahua mountains, Arizona, USA (1800 m), in MayJune 1990. Males defended hovering stations located next to some (but not all) active nests. Males often pursued and occasionally contacted females, particularly those not carrying pollen loads, as the females entered or left the defended nests. Mating presumably occurred after a male located a partner near the nest, making this bee a representative of those insects that employ a female-defence mating system. Territory defenders were generally highly tenacious, returning repeatedly to the same hovering station for daily bouts of nest guarding that could total over 8 h. Some males had 2 territories that they moved between while still others appeared to engage in non-territorial 'traplining'among many sites. The ecological approach to mating system diversity proposes that the distribution of potential mates determines the evolution of male competitive tactics. The variation in mating tactics within and across species of Xylocopa poses a challenge to this approach. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400442 Xylocopa/males/territory/mating/defence. Alder, G. M., Arnold, W. M., Bashford, C. L., Drake, A. F., Pasternak, C. A. and Zimmermann, U. (1991) Divalent cation-sensitive pores formed by natural and synthetic melittin and by Triton X-100. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1061, 111-120. Pores in cell membranes and liposomes were investigated. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400326 Honey bee venom/melittin/effects/Cell membranes. Alexander, B. (1990) A cladistic analysis of the nomadine bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Systematic Entomology, 15(2), 121-152. D. G. Lowe. This study compares the results of J. G. Rozen's cladistic analysis of the larvae of 15 genera of Nomadinae (1966, 1977, 1978) with data for a set of adult characteristics of the same genera. Adult characters gave poorer resolution of cladistic relationships; when adult and larval characters were combined in a single data matrix the resulting cladogram closely resembled the one based on larval characters alone. A wider analysis, involving adult characters of 34 genera, is also described. Various phylogenetic hypotheses are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400430 Nomadinae/phylogeny. Alexander, B. (1990) A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of sphecid wasps and bees. Sphecos, 20, 7-16. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Snow Entomological Museum, Snow Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401072 Sphecidae/phylogeny/Apoidea. Alexander, B. (1991) Nomada phylogeny reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Journal of Natural History, 25, 315-330. Author. A hypothesis for the evolutionary history of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Nomada, proposed by C. D. Michener [Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden (1979) 66 (3) 277-347], was based on known host relationships and the geographic distribution of extant species. One clear-cut prediction was that a cladistic analysis should show that the Neoptropical species of Nomada parasitic upon exomolapsine anthophorid bees occupy the most basal position on a cladogram of subgroups within Nomada. This paper presents the results of such a cladistic analysis, which did not confirm Michener's prediction. The implications of the cladistic analysis for an interpretation of the phylogenetic history of Nomada are discussed, and known host associations for the genus worldwide are tabulated. No simple global evolutionary scenario is suggested by the cladistic analysis. The genus Nomada may be very old, and its constituent groups may have been involved in the complex histories of the biota of several continents. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400429 Nomada/phylogeny/evolution. Alexander, B. A. (1991) Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Apis (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 84(2), 137-149. Author. A cladogram produced by an analysis of 21 characteristics of adult morphology and behaviour in the genus Apis is presented. The tree topology is ((andreniformis + florea) + (dorsata group + (mellifera + (cerana + koschevnikovi)))). Implications of this phylogenetic hypothesis for ideas about the evolution of the dance language in Apis are discussed. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Snow Entomological Museum, Snow Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400443 Apis/phylogeny/Honey bees/evolution/communication/by dances/ Dances. Alexander, R. D. (1991) Social learning and kin recognition. An addendum and reply to Sherman. Ethology and Sociobiology, 12(5), 387-399. D. G. Lowe. This discussion paper, with 24 references, uses the honey bee colony as one example of a situation involving social interactions and possible kin recognition. Comments are made on a paper by Sherman [Ethology and Sociobiology (1991) 12, 377-386]. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500221 honey bee colonies/social behaviour/worker honey bees/relationships/kinship. Alexander, B. A. (1992) An exploratory analysis of cladistic relationships within the superfamily Apoidea, with special reference to sphecid wasps (Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 1(1), 25-61. Author. This paper presents the results of several analyses of cladistic relationships among the sphecid wasps and bees, based on adult and larval morphology, with special emphasis on the tribes of sphecid wasps. The analyses examine the effects of: (1) alternative procedures for determining character polarities, (2) using adult and larval characteristics, (3) analysing all sphecid tribes or only those tribes for which larvae have been described, and (4) equal weighting of all characters vs. successive approximations character weighting. The monophyly of bees is strongly supported, and the following groups of tribes of sphecid wasps are consistently supported as monophyletic: (a) Ampulicini + Dolichurini; (b) (Sceliphrini + (Sphecini + Ammophilini)); (c) (Aphilanthopini + Philanthini + Cercerini + Pseudoscoliini); (d) (Nyssonini + Gorytini + Stizini + Bembicini). Numerous equally parsimonious resolutions of cladistic relationships among these groups and other sphecid tribes are found. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Snow Entomological Museum, Snow Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500406 Apoidea/Sphecidae/morphology/phylogeny. Ali, T. and Ali, S. I. (1989) Pollination biology of Calotropis procera subsp. hamiltonii (Asclepiadaceae). Phyton, 29(2), 175-188. In studies at 3 sites around Karachi, Pakistan, the main pollinators of Calotropis procera subsp. hamiltonii were males and females of Xylocopa pubescens and females of X. fenestrata (82.75% of pollinaria-bearing visitors). Numerous other insects were seen visiting the flowers to collect nectar, but Apis florea workers were the only other species that carried pollinaria. Each flower contained 10 pollinia and 2 ovaries, with a pollen to ovule ratio of 6.14:1. Pollinia were more easily inserted into stigmatic chambers flanked by intact pollinaria than into those from which the pollinaria had been experimentally removed. The presence of one pollinium in a flower was sufficient to effect fertilization. J. M. Gedye. Dept. Botany, Univ. Karachi, University Rd., Karachi 75270, Pakistan. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300379 Pollination/by Xylocopa/of Calotropis/by Apis florea/Xylocopa/ Apis florea/Calotropis/honey bees. Ali, A. T. M. M. (1989) The pharmacological characterization and the scientific basis of the hidden miracles of honey. Saudi Medical Journal, 10(3), 177-179. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200329 Honey/medicinal properties/ Honey/medicinal properties. Ali, A. T. M. M., Al-Humayyd, M. S. and Madan, B. R. (1990) Natural honey prevents indomethacin- and ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. Saudi Medical Journal, 11(4), 275-279. The effects of honey on experimentally induced gastric lesions in rats were investigated. Honey afforded a dose-dependent protection against indomethacin-induced gastric lesions. There was almost 100% protection against gastric damage with the highest dose of honey used. However, there was only partial protection (58%) against ethanol-induced gastric lesions. The results of this preliminary study suggest that honey has anti-ulcerogenic activity and may be clinically useful in preventing/reducing the occurrence of gastric lesions if concurrently administered with potential ulcerogenic drugs. Author. Dept. Medical Pharmacology, Coll. Medicine, King Saud Univ., P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300292 Rats/stomach/lesions/honey/effects/properties/ Honey/stomach/protection. Ali, A. T. M. M., Chowdhury, M. N. H. and Al Humayyd, M. S. (1991) Inhibitory effect of natural honey on Helicobacter pylori. Tropical Gastroenterology, 12(3), 139-143. P. Walker. The inhibitory effect of honey on H. pylori (which causes gastritis) was investigated in an in vitro study. All isolates of the bacterium were inhibited by an aqueous 20% solution of honey. The same concentration also inhibited several other bacteria tested, and half of them were inhibited by 10% honey. Inhibition was as effective on isolates that were resistant to other antimicrobial agents as on sensitive ones. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401331 Inhibition/of bacteria/by honey/Bacteria/Honey/Honey/antibacterial properties. Ali, A. T. M. M. (1991) Prevention of ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats by natural honey, and its possible mechanism of action. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 26(3), 281-288. Author. The effects of honey on ethanol-induced gastric lesions were studied in rats. Drugs and/or honey were administered subcutaneously or orally to 48-h-fasted animals at different time intervals before oral administration of ethanol (0.5 m1/100 g). Mucosal damage and pH were measured 1 h later. Honey afforded protection against gastric damage and reversed changes in pH induced by ethanol. The effects of honey were dose- and time-dependent. Thus, pretreatment with honey (1.25 g/kg) 30 min before ethanol provided more than 80% protection. Administration of honey simultaneously with, or 5 min after, ethanol failed to offer protection. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (IND) did not alter the protective effects when given before or after honey. The protective effects of honey could be reversed by treatment with the sulfhydryl (SH) blocker N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Combined IND and NEM treatment caused greater reduction of the protective effects, but the values were not significantly different from those obtained with NEM alone. Thus, the protective effects of honey appear te be mediated through SH-sensitive processes. The protective effects were confirmed by both macroscopic and microscopic findings. It is suggested that honey could be used clinically in preventing/reducing ethanol-induced gastric lesions in humans. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, P. O. Box 2925, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500310 rats/stomach/lesions/honey/effects/ethanol. Ali, M. (1991) Chemical evaluation of the wax of giant honey bee (Apis dorsata Fabr.). Indian Bee Journal, 53(1-4), 91-95. P. Walker. Analysis of the chloroform extract of A. dorsata beeswax showed the presence of hentriacontane, cholesterol and palmitic acid, which have already been reported in the literature; their isolation by column chromatography on silica gel is described. In addition, the presence of two new aliphatic ketones is now reported: octacosa-3-one and octadeca-3-on-4-ol. Their structures were elucidated mainly by IR, H-NMR and high resolution mass spectrometry. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500808 beeswax/chemical composition/honey bees/Apis dorsata/composition. Alippi, A. M. and Nunez, L. (1990) Laboratory techniques for the isolation and identification of Bacillus larvae, causative agent of American foul brood. Difusion, Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 2(6), 20. Original title or source: Tecnicas de laboratorio para el aislamiento e identificacion de Bacillus larvae White, agente causal de la loque americana. The techniques described for the diagnosis of AFB include tests for the differentiation of Bacillus species. Methods for sterilizing beeswax are described briefly. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Catedra de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400588 Honey bee brood/American foul brood/diagnosis/Bacillus larvae/ laboratory methods. Alippi, A. M. (1991) A comparison of laboratory techniques for the detection of significant bacteria of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, in Argentina. Journal of Apicultural Research, 30(2), 75-80. Several laboratory techniques for detecting significant bacteria of diseased honey bees were compared. Bacillus larvae, B. alvei and B. laterosporus spores were easily differentiated in larval cadavers by their surface configuration as seen by scanning electron microscopy. Melissococcus pluton and Achromobacter eurydice vegetative cells were also distinguishable. Using this method, confirmation of B. larvae, the causative agent of AFB, could be achieved in less than 48 h. The incubation-heating procedure in nutrient broth or the incorporation of nalidixic acid in culture media were also satisfactory for the isolation of B. larvae from samples with mixed bacterial spore populations. Author. Catedra de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, c.c. 31, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300967 Honey bee brood/foul brood/diagnosis/Bacillus larvae/electron microscopy/Bacillus alvei/Bacillus laterosporus/ Melissococcus pluton/Achromobacter eurydice. Alippi, A. M. and Nunez, L. (1991) American foul brood in Argentina. Vida Apicola(49), 20-24. Original title or source: la loque americana en Argentina. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400206 Honey bee brood/American foul brood/Argentina. Alippi, A. M. (1992) Characterization of Bacillus larvae White, the causative agent of American foulbrood of honey-bees. First record of its occurrence in Argentina. Revista Argentina de Microbiologia, 24(2), 67-72. Author. American foul brood (caused by Bacillus larvae) was recorded for the first time in Argentina in 1989. The identification of the causative agent was based on disease symptomatology, morphological characters, pathogenicity tests and physiological and biochemical reactions. Studies by scanning electron microscopy showed the occurrence of large flagellar bundles of Bacillus larvae strains growing in biphasic BL medium. An electron microscope survey of the surface configuration of bacterial spores was also made. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Catedra de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501352 Apis mellifera/honey bees/bee diseases/Bacillus larvae/beneficial insects/bacterial spores/honey bee brood/American foul brood/Argentina. Alippi, A. M. (1992) Detection of Bacillus larvae in mixed populations of bacterial spores in larval remains. Microbiologia SEM, 8, 115-118. Original title or source: Deteccion de Bacillus larvae en poblaciones mixtas de esporas bacterianas a partir de restos larvales. Author. An accurate laboratory technique for the detection of Bacillus larvae from larval remains of Apis mellifera with mixed bacterial spore populations was developed. The incorporation of nalidixic acid to the culture medium (3 g/ml) was a satisfactory procedure for the separation of B. larvae strains from B. alvei motile colonies. Library code: Bb. Language: Es. Author address: Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y Catedra de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 31, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501354 honey bees/Apis mellifera/bee diseases/beneficial insects/bacterial spores/diagnostic techniques/honey bee brood/American foul brood/diagnosis/Bacillus larvae/culture media/nalidixic acid/Bacillus alvei. Allan, S. A., Slessor, K. N., Winston, M. L. and King, G. G. S. (1987) The influence of age and task specialization on the production and perception of honey bee pheromones. Journal of Insect Physiology, 33(12), 917-922. Studies were carried out on the production and perception of pheromones by worker honeybees of different ages and task specializations. Electroantennogram responses increased to a maximum by days 612 and no differences were seen between bees performing different tasks. Levels of production of isopentyl acetate, octyl acetate, (E)-2-octenyl acetate, butyl acetate, and hexyl acetate increased with age to maximal levels at days 3040. Production of 2-nonanol, 2-nonyl acetate, benzyl acetate, and benzyl alcohol differed from the above compounds, with most workers producing very low levels and a few producing very high levels. When examined by task specialization, foragers produced higher levels of benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol and 2-nonanol than guards, fanning bees or comb bees respectively. Author. Center for Pest Management, Dept. Biological Sci., Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC V5A, 1S6, Canada. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200519 Worker honeybees/pheromones/secretion/age/effects/Honeybee colonies/division of labour. Allan, L. F. and Carrick, M. J. (1988) The Western Australian Bee Breeding Programme. Bee keeping in the year 2000. Proceedings of the Second Australian and International Beekeeping Congress, Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, July 21-26, 1988 [edited by Rhodes, J.W.]. Australia, International Colour Productions Pty. Lyd. for the Federal Council of Australian Apiarists' Associations, 51-53. Page(s): 51-53. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200594 Honeybees/breeding/Australia/Western Australia. Allan, L. F. and Carrick, M. J. (1989) The Western Australian bee [Apis mellifera ligustica] breeding programme. Australasian Beekeeper, 90(2), 72, 74, 78. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100552 Honeybees/breeding/Australia/Western Australia/races/Apis mellifera ligustica. Allegretti, M., Ambrosoli, G. and Cantoni, C. (1987) Identification of isoglucose in honey. Industrie Alimentari, 26(6), 566-573. Original title or source: Individuazione dell'isoglucosio nel miele. A study of various types of chromatographic analysis showed that TLC was a simple efficient method for detecting the adulteration of honey by isoglucose [high fructose corn syrup]. Author. Fac. Medicina Veterinaria, Istituto di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Cattedra 1, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy. Library code: Bc. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100287 Honey/adulteration/High fructose corn syrup/Analytical methods/Chromatography. Allen, M. F., Ball, B. V. and Underwood, B. A. (1990) An isolate of Melissococcus pluton from Apis laboriosa. Journal of invertebrate Pathology, 55, 439-440. Samples of diseased larvae were taken from 13 Apis laboriosa colonies at 2 sites in Nepal and examined for bacterial and viral pathogens. The pleomorphic cocci which were isolated exhibited the typical characteristics of the genus Melissococcus when cultured. This bacterium also reacted strongly to antisera prepared against N. American and Indian isolates of M. pluton. The results indicate that A. laboriosa suffers from a disease analogous to EFB in A. mellifera and A. cerana. D. G. Lowe. Dept. Entomology & Nematology, AFRC Inst. Arable Crops Res., Rothamsted Exp. Stn., Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200854 Melissococcus pluton/Honeybee brood/European foul brood/ aetiology/Apis laboriosa. Allen, K. L., Molan, P. C. and Reid, G. M. (1991) A survey of the antibacterial activity of some New Zealand honeys. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 43(12), 817-822. D. G. Lowe. A survey of the antibacterial activity of honey was carried out using 345 samples of honey obtained from commercial beekeepers in New Zealand. Most of the honeys were unifloral, from 26 plant sources. The honeys were tested against Staphylococcus aureus in an agar well diffusion assay, and the results are tabulated. The variation between flower types is discussed and it is concluded that the best honeys for medicinal use are derived from kanuka (Leptospermum ericoides), manuka (L. scoparium), ling heather (Calluna vulgaris) or kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa). When antibacterial activity was assayed with catalase added to remove hydrogen peroxide, most of the honeys showed no detectable antibacterial activity. Only manuka and vipers bugloss (Echium vulgare) honeys showed this type of activity in a significant proportion of the samples. The high antibacterial activity of manuka honey was in many cases due entirely to this non-peroxide component. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400244 Inhibition/of bacteria/by honey/Bacteria/Honey/New Zealand/ botanical composition. Allen, M. F. and Ball, B. V. (1993) The cultural characteristics and serological relationships of isolates of Melissococcus pluton. Journal of Apicultural Research, 32(2), 80-88. Author. The causative organism of European foul brood, M. pluton, was isolated from Apis mellifera larvae from Brazil, China and the UK. The cultural characteristics and nutritional requirements of these isolates were compared with the UK type isolate, a previously described isolate from Brazil and an isolate from A. cerana from India. All isolates were fastidious in their cultural requirements except for the Brazilian isolates which grew on a wider range of bacteriological media. Polyclonal antisera were prepared against a UK isolate and a Brazilian isolate, and with 3 previously prepared antisera (2 against a North American isolate and 1 against the A. cerana isolate) were used in tube agglutination tests to study the serological relationships of M. pluton isolates. All isolates were closely related serologically, but could be separated into 3 groups with respect to their heterologous serological reactivity which reflected the geographical regions in which they originated. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology and Nematology, AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500002 Melissococcus pluton/culture media/agglutination tests/nutrition/serological relationships/biogeography/honey bee brood/European foul brood/Apis cerana. Allsopp, P. G. and Cherry, R. H. (1991) Attraction of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to volatile compounds. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 30(3), 219-220. J. M. Gedye. The problem of attracting beneficial insects to traps designed for Japanese beetles (Popilla japonica) and other scarabs was tested by placing traps containing 9 different lures in sugarcane fields. Anethole was found to be the substance most attractive to honey bees. Standard Trece Japanese beetle lure (containing 2-phenyl-ethylpropionate, eugenol and geraniol in the ratio 10:22:11) also attracted more honey bees than unbaited traps. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, P. O. Box 651, Bundaberg, Queensland 4670, Australia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500637 insects/attractants/trapping/insect traps/Popilla japonica/honey bees/anethole. Allsopp, M. (1993) Summarized overview of the capensis problem. South African Bee Journal, 65(6), 127-136. A. G. Matheson. The dwindling and dying of 50000-100000 honey bee colonies has been reported since 1991 from the Transvaal, Natal, Orange Free State and Northern Cape regions of South Africa. Mutation in the local Apis mellifera scutellata populations and drought have been ruled out as factors, and the cause is thought to be invasion of colonies by A. m. capensis: commercial beekeepers had moved colonies into the affected region from areas where capensis is endemic. Sampling of worker bees in affected colonies has shown characteristics of capensis (ovariole development, chemical signals and parthenogenetic reproduction), and the effects on colonies are similar to those reported in cases of colony usurpation of other races by capensis. This article reviews steps taken to counter the problem, including industry discussion, extension programmes and voluntary restrictions on colony movements. In 1993 the country was divided into 2 zones, with all capensis colonies in the scutellata area being eradicated and colony movements betweeen the 2 areas prohibited. Priorities for research and future action are suggested. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500908 beneficial insects/beekeeping/honey bees/races/Apis mellifera capensis/Apis mellifera scutellata/honey bee colonies/death/Apis mellifera/South Africa. Allsopp, M. (1993) Biocontrol of bloublommetjies. South African Bee Journal, 65(2), 32-36. P. Walker. This species (Echium plantagineum) is a valuable pollen source for bees in the SW Cape area of S. Africa, especially for building up colonies to be used for pollination. The plant can also be a useful nectar source. A feasibility study on the biocontrol of this plant is being considered. Detailed studies of E. plantagineum made in Australia, where it was eventually classified as a noxious weed, are summarized and discussed. Beekeepers in S. Africa are recommended to collect data on the value of the plant there. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: PPRI, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500930 biological control/weed control/weed biology/weeds/Australia/nectar plants/pollen plants/Echium plantagineum/honey bee forage/South Africa. Almeida, M. C. d. and Laroca, S. (1988) Trigona spinipes (Apidae, Meliponinae): taxonomy, bionomy and trophic relationships in restricted areas. Acta Biologica do Parana, 17(1/4), 67-108. Original title or source: Trigona spinipes (Apidae, Meliponinae): taxonomia, bionomia e relacoes troficas em areas restritas. This review, with 127 references, covers the taxonomy, geographical distribution, bionomics, behaviour and trophic relationships of Trigona spinipes, a neotropical species of stingless bee. D. G. Lowe. Dept. Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, UFPR, Caixa Postal 19.020, 81.504 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200835 Trigona/taxonomy/foraging/distribution/Reviews/Trigona spinipes. Alonso, J. M., Rey, J., Puerta, F., Mendoza, J. H. d., Mendoza, M. H. d. and Flores, J. M. (1993) Enzymatic equipment of Ascosphaera apis and the development of infection by this fungus in Apis mellifera. Apidologie, 24(4), 383-390. P. Walker. Honey bee larvae were experimentally infected with A. apis spores and were later removed from their sealed cells and examined by SEM. Mycelium isolated from mummies collected in 47 natural cases of chalk brood, and 3 reference strains, were analysed for 19 enzymes. The enzyme N-acetyl--glucosaminidase was present in 74.4% of isolates. This enzyme can break down N-acetylglucosamine, the basic molecule of the polymer that constitutes chitin; this may partly explain how A. apis penetrates the cuticle. In addition, a pressure is exerted by the hyphae as the fungus grows inside the larval body. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Departamento de Medicina y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria de Caceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 1007/1 Caceres, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500611 honey bee brood/chalk brood/development/Ascosphaera apis/enzymes. Alonso de Vega, F. D., Reguera, O., Martinez, T., Alonso, J. M. and Ortiz, J. (1990) Field trial of two products, Perizin and Folbex VA, for the treatment of varroa disease in honey bees. Medicina Veterinaria, 7(1), 35-41. Original title or source: Ensayo de campo de dos productos, Perizin y Folbex VA para el tratamiento de la varroasis de la abeja. D. G. Lowe. Colonies that were naturally infested with Varroa jacobsoni were treated with (A) Folbex-VA (bromopropylate) (10 colonies), or (B) Perizin (coumaphos) (10 colonies), or (C) left untreated (4 colonies). In half the treated colonies the brood chambers were removed before treatment. After treatment, changes in the infestations of adult bees in those colonies where brood had been removed were: A, 89.7%; B, 88.7%. In colonies where brood had not been removed, the changes were: A, + 55.4%; B, 61.0%. Infestations of adult bees in C increased by 471.51020.6%. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Patologia Animal Parasitologia y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400229 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/control methods/Bromopropylate/Coumaphos. Alonso Rodriguez, J. M., Puerta Puerta, F., Hermoso de Mendoza Salcedo, J., Rey Perez, J., Cardenal Galvan, J. A. and Hermoso de Mendoza Salcedo, M. (1992) Etiology of chalk brood: uniformity of isolates of Ascosphaera apis in Spain. Vida Apicola(55), 18-24. Original title or source: Etiologia de la ascosferiosis: uniformidad de los aislamientos de Ascosphaera apis en Espana. P. Walker. Samples were collected from 47 infected apiaries [Apis mellifera] throughout Spain, and the following were studied in the isolates of A. apis: (A) compatibility, in tests of cross-fertilization with known A. apis strains, (B) morphology, (C) biochemical properties and enzyme activity. Statistical analysis of the results showed no significant geographical variations. This uniformity is attributed to the considerable movement of bees by beekeepers, in migratory beekeeping and in commercial transactions between beekeepers. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Enfermedades Infecciosas y Epidemiologi\ac\a, Facultad de Veterinaria de Caceres, Caceres, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500281 honey bee brood/chalk brood/Spain/Ascosphaera apis/biogeography. Alphandery, R. (1992) The way of honey. Paris, France, Editions Nathan. Original title or source: La route du miel. D. G. Lowe. This is an attractive large-format 'coffee table' book with many excellent colour photographs. It has sections on the honey bee, bee forage, pollination, hives and beekeeping, honey production, processing, uses, packaging and marketing, beekeeping and the law, and the honey bee in mythology and symbolism. Three useful annexes give the Codex Alimentarius regulations on honey, the chemical composition of honey, and physical properties of honey. Page(s): 262 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401319 Honey/Beekeeping/France/Books. Alspach, P. A., Pyke, N. B., Morgan, C. G. T. and Ruth, J. E. (1991) Influence of application rates of bee-collected pollen on the fruit size of kiwifruit. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 19, 19-24. Author. Pollen, from pellets gathered by honey bees, was used to pollinate kiwifruit flowers artificially. Pollen was applied at a number of rates after suspending in an aqueous medium or mixing with 1 of 3 different diluents to get a powder formulation. Resulting fruit size was less at lower rates of pollen application. At such low rates (generally 1.0 mg/flower), a linear relationship was detected between pollen application rate and final fruit size, in some seasons. Some powder formulations (e.g., that using Lycopodium spores) seemed less effective than the aqueous suspension. The best formulation for pollination of kiwifruit was made with an inert powder. This formulation effectively set fruit at rates of pollen application as low as 0.037 mg/flower, although at this rate fruit size was reduced as a result of inadequate seed set. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: DSIR Fruit and Trees, Riwaka Research Station, R.D. 3 Motueka, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400334 Pollination/by man/with bee-collected pollen/Bee-collected pollen/Pollen/hive products/Actinidia deliciosa. Altenbach, C. and Hubbell, W. L. (1988) The aggregation state of spin-labeled melittin in solution and bound to phospholipid membranes: evidence that membrane-bound melittin is monomeric. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics, 3(4), 230-242. Spin-labelled derivatives of melittin were obtained by reacting the four amino groups of the protein with succinimidyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrroline-1-oxyl-3-carboxylate. All 16 possible reaction products with 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 spin labels were then separated with reversed-phase HPLC. All fractions with only one spin label were used to study the structure and dynamics of melittin in aqueous solutions and when bound to neutral or negatively charged membranes. The absence of any spin interaction in the membrane-bound state suggested that melittin is monomeric under these conditions. Experiments with chromium oxalate showed that all labelled sites were at least partially exposed to the aqueous phase when melittin was bound to membranes. This suggests that an -helical melittin monomer binds to membranes with its axis parallel to the membrane surface. D. G. Lowe. Jules Stein Eye Inst., School of Medicine, Univ. California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200365 Honeybee venom/melittin/structure. Altenbach, C., Froncisz, W., Hyde, J. S. and Hubbell, W. L. (1989) Conformation of spin-labeled melittin at membrane surfaces investigated by pulse saturation recovery and continuous wave power saturation electron paramagnetic resonance. Biophysical Journal, 56, 1183-1191. Melittin spin-labelled specifically with a nitroxide at positions 7, 21, 23, or the amino terminus was bound to phospholipid membranes, and the exposure of the spin label to the aqueous phase was investigated by measurement of Heisenberg exchange with chromium oxalate in the solution. The exchange frequency was determined by saturation recovery electron paramagnetic resonance using a loop-gap resonator. Differences in exchange frequency between the various positions were also estimated by continuous wave power saturation methods. In either approach, the spin label at lysine 7 was found to be the most exposed to chromium oxalate whereas that at lysine 23 was found to be the least exposed. This is consistent with a model for the membrane bound peptide in which an amphiphilic helix lies with its axis parallel to the bilayer surface and the hydrophobic moment points toward the bilayer interior. Author. Jules Stein Eye Inst., School Medicine, Univ. California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201082 Honeybee venom/melittin/structure. Altfelder, K. and Muller, U. (1991) Cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases in the neural tissue of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Insect Biochemistry, 21(5), 487-494. Author. Two cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases were purified and characterized from the brain of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). The first (M = 180000) has a tetrameric structure with two regulatory subunit and two catalytic subunits that dissociate upon addition of cAMP, whereas the second (M = 80000) is dimeric with a regulatory subunit and a catalytic subunit. Detection of this regulatory subunit in heads and brains homogenized in the presence of SDS, TCA and various protease inhibitors supports strong evidence that the dimeric kinase is no artefact but exists in vivo. In contrast to the regulatory subunit of the tetrameric kinase, the regulatory subunit of the dimeric kinase was localized only in the soluble fraction. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Strasse 28-30, 1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400847 Honey bees/brain/kinases. Altfelder, K., Muller, U. and Menzel, R. (1991) Ca/calmodulin and Ca/phospholipid-dependent protein kinases in the neural tissue of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Insect Biochemistry, 21(5), 479-486. Author. Ca/calmodulin and Ca/phospholipid-dependent protein kinases were purified and characterized from the brain of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Ca/calmodulin-dependent kinase appeared as a complex composed of three subunits with molecular weights of 52000, 57000 and 60000. The Ca/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) was purified by using DEAE-Sephacel and phosphatidylserine-affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of protein kinase C was about 80000. Subjection to SDS-PAGE gave a single band with M = 80000, indicating that the enzyme exists as a monomer. The enzyme was fully activated by diacylglycerol in the presence of phospholipid and Ca. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Strasse 28-30, 1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400848 Honey bees/brain/kinases. Altmann, G. and Warnke, U. (1987) Thermography of honeybee colonies in winter influenced by high-voltage electric fields. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 104(1), 69-73. Original title or source: Thermographie der Honigbienen-Wintertraube unter Einfluss von Hochspannungswechselfeldern. Temperatures in honeybee winter clusters were measured in order to study the effect of high-voltage electric fields. A cluster was disturbed by a field of 50 Hz at field strengths from 400 V/m applied for 15 minutes. Effects on colonies in summer were also observed. P. Walker. Fachbereich Biologie, 16.4 Univ. Saarlandes, Bau 6, D-6600 Saarbrucken, German Federal Republic. Library code: Ba. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100186 Honeybee colonies/electricity/effects/in electric field/ Electric field/honeybee colonies in. Altmann, F., Kubelka, V., Staudacher, E., Uhl, K. and Marz, L. (1991) Characterization of the isoforms of phospholipase A from honeybee venom. Insect Biochemistry, 21(5), 467-472. Author. Phospholipase A from honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom consists of 3 isoforms with approximate molecular masses of 16, 18, and 20 kDa, respectively, as deduced from SDS-PAGE. These variants, termed PLA-16, PLA-18, and PLA-20, were isolated by lectin affinity chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid sequences of the N-terminal peptide portions of all 3 isoforms were identical with that expected for honey bee phospholipase A. Sequencing data suggest that, while PLA-18 and PLA-20 carry oligosaccharide residues at asparagine-13, PLA-16 has escaped glycosylation during biosynthesis. Release of the carbohydrate from PLA-18 and PLA-20 with peptide: N-glycosidase F abolished the molecular mass differences between the 3 isoforms of phospholipase. Differences in sensitivity to -mannosidase and monosaccharide composition of PLA-18 and PLA-20 further indicate that their electrophoretic separation is based on structural features of the N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharide. Noticeably, PLA-20 contains N-acetylgalactosamine, a sugar not having yet been described as a constituent of insect glycoproteins. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Chemie, Universitat fur Bodenkultur, Gregor Mendelstrasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401036 Honey bee venom/phospholipase A/structure. Alvarado, J. L. and Delgado-Rueda, M. A. (1988) Melliferous flora in a wet tropical zone of Veracruz (Uxpanapa), Mexico: II. Biotica, 13(1/2), 69-80. Pollen analysis was carried out on 5 samples of Apis mellifera honey collected periodically throughout the course of a year. A palynological reference collection of plants collected in the study area was also processed. There were 34 pollen types, the principal forage plants being species of Burseraceae, Compositae, Leguminosae and Moraceae. In addition, species in 19 families were of minor importance. Inst. Nacional de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, Apdo. Postal 63, Xalapa, Ver. 91000, Mexico. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301303 Honey/pollen analysis/Mexico/Honey bee forage. Alvarez, J. D. (1988) Colour variation in blends of honey. Ciencia y Tecnica en la Agricultura, Apicultura, 4, 81-91. Original title or source: Varicion del color en mezclas de mieles. For this study, 30 honeys were used with Pfund readings ranging from 12.5 to 99.7 mm. Pairs of honeys were mixed in different proportions (each honey from 10 to 90%) and a Pfund reading was made for each mixture. The Pfund reading had a linear relationship with the composition, and a mathematical formula was derived to express the relationship. A chart was constructed to show the proportions in which two honeys should be blended to produce a required colour. P. Walker. Estacion Exp. Apicola, Carretera El Cano-Wajay, km 0, Arroyo Arenas, La Lisa, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100951 Honey/colour. Aly, F. K., Eshbah, H. M. and Makadey, M. A. (1989) Studies on the proboscis and corbiculae measurements of three races of honeybee in relation to honey and pollen production in Middle Egypt. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 392-396. Morphological studies were made on workers from 5 colonies each of Carniolan (Apis mellifera carnica), Italian (A. m. ligustica) and Egyptian (A. m. lamarckii) honeybees in the Minia area of Egypt. The mean proboscis length was 6.21, 6.08 and 5.41 mm for Carniolan, Italian and Egyptian bees, respectively; the corresponding mean corbicular areas were 1.63, 1.62 and 1.35 mm, respectively. Mean honey sac weights were 19.36, 19.18 and 15.95 mg for Carniolan, Italian and Egyptian workers respectively. Carniolan bees produced more honey per colony (9.75 kg) during the flowering periods of Egyptian clover and cotton than either Italian (8.30 kg) or Egyptian (4.90 kg) bees, and there was a highly significant correlation between honey production and proboscis length. Corbicular area was significantly correlated with pollen load weight, area of stored pollen and area of sealed brood. D. G. Lowe. Plant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric., Minia Univ., Minia, Egypt. Page(s): 392-396. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100852 Honeybees/races/Apis mellifera carnica/Apis mellifera ligustica/Apis mellifera lamarckii/Worker honeybees/ proboscis/length/legs/Honeybee colonies/honey-getting capacity/Pollen/storage/by honeybees/in hives/Hives. Alzubaidy, M. M. and Al-Gboory, I. J. (1988) New record of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans on honey bees, Apis mellifera L., for Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum, 8(1), 125-130. Plant Protection Dept., Coll. Agric., Baghdad Univ., Baghdad, Iraq. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301366 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/Iraq. Alzuet, A. B. d. and Abrahamovich, A. H. (1991) Description of the life cycle stages of Sennertia splendidulae Alzuet and Abrahamovich, 1989 (Acarina, Chaetodactylidae), associated with Xylocopa splendidula splendidula Lepeletier, 1841 (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 26(1), 1-10. Div. Entomol., Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301195 Xylocopa/nests/Acari/Relationships. Ambougou Atisso, V. (1990) Pollen analysis of the food reserves of Apis mellifica adansonii and Hypotrigona sp. in the Makokou region (NE Gabon). Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France, Actualites Botaniques, 137(2), 166-169. Original title or source: Analyse pollinique des reserves alimentaires d'Apis mellifica adansonii Lat. et d'Hypotrigona sp. (Hym apidae sociaux) de la region de Makokou (N-E Gabon). D. G. Lowe. Pollen analysis was carried out on honey and pollen taken from an Apis mellifera adansonii colony and from a Hypotrigona sp. colony; the 2 colonies were situated 1.5 km apart. Of the 49 pollen types found (29 in the honey bee colony, 14 in the Hypotrigona colony, 6 common to both), 16 were identified to species or genus. Library code: Ba. Language: Fr. Author address: Laboratoire de Palynologie, C.N.R.S., Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 61 Rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400924 Honey bee forage/Gabon/Honey bees/races/Apis mellifera adansonii/Honey/pollen analysis/Foraging/Hypotrigona. Ambougou Atisso, V. (1991) Apis mellifera adansonii and honey plants of Gabon (Ivindo department): palynological investigation, These Doctorat, Universite Paris 6, France. Original title or source: Apis mellifera adansonii Lat. et les plantes melliferes gabonaises (Departement de 1'Ivindo): recherches palynologiques. D. G. Lowe. The main aim of these investigations was to study the production of honey in a tropical rain forest environment, either by wild bees, managed colonies or stingless bees. Observations were conducted at the Biological Station in Makokou, Gabon, where botanical investigations are currently carried out through the year. This location, 400 km from the coastline, experiences 2 rainy and 2 relatively dry seasons annually, and more than 1200 plant species have been identified in the past. Information is given for 44 wild colonies of Apis mellifera adansonii, the honey and stored pollen of which were studied: field notations provide a temporary catalogue of more than 276 plant species from 72 families, with their flowering periods, which are pollen/nectar producers. Species foraged by Hypotrigona are also noted. Of the 151 pollen types found in honey and bee-collected pollen samples, 74 were identified to species and 20 to family level, and electron micrographs of these are presented. Page(s): vii + 137 pp. + 76 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Fr. Author address: Laboratoire de Palynologie, CNRS, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 61 Rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400925 Honey bee forage/Gabon/Foraging/honey bees/nectar/pollen/ races/Apis mellifera adansonii/Honey/pollen analysis/ Hypotrigona/Flowering date/Theses. Ambrose, D. P. and Livingstone, D. (1987) Biology of Acanthaspis siva Distant, a polymorphic assassin bug (Insecta, Heteroptera, Reduviidae). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 63(2), 321-330. Observed attacking Apis cerana in Tamil Nadu, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200101 Apis cerana/pests/Heteroptera/of honeybees/Honeybees/ predation/on honeybees. Ambrose, D. P. and Livingstone, D. (1990) Polymorphism in Acanthaspis siva Distant (Reduviidae: Heteroptera), a predator of the Indian honey bee [Apis cerana]. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 87(2), 218-222. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Zoology, St. Xavier's College, Palayankottai, Tamil Nadu 627 002, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400724 Acanthaspis/polymorphism/Apis cerana/pests/Reduviidae/of honey bees/Honey bees. Ambrose, J. D. and Kevan, P. G. (1990) Reproductive biology of rare Carolinian plants with regard to conservation management. Conserving Carolinian Canada: conservation biology in the decidous forest region [edited by Ambrose, J. D.; Kevan, P. G.]. Waterloo, Canada, University of Waterloo Press, 57-63. J. M. Gedye. The breeding systems, pollination mechanisms and means of seedling establishment were elucidated for 10 rare or endangered plant species in Canada, some of them pollinated by bees or other insects. Threats to survival which were recognized in several species included small isolated populations (dioecious or self-incompatible) lacking others with which to cross, and insufficient habitats to allow populations to develop to a viable size. Page(s): 57-63. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: The Arboretum, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501120 pollinators/beneficial insects/reproduction/conservation/Ptelea trifoliata/Gymnocladus dioica/Rosa setigera/Smilax rotundifolia/Vitis aestivalis/Castanea dentata/Asimina triloba/Magnolia acuminata/Morus rubra/Opuntia humifusa/angiosperms/Canada/endangered species/pollination. Ambrose, J. T. (1991) An assortment of timely and practical beekeeping videotapes a review. American Bee Journal, 131(5), 325-327. This article gives full descriptions of 5 videotapes (available in the USA) covering: introduction to beekeeping, requeening and dividing, queen and package bee production, tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) detection and treatment, Varroa. North Carolina State University, NC, USA. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300212 Beekeeping/management/video recordings. Amiot, M. J., Aubert, S., Gonnet, M. and Tacchini, M. (1989) Phenolic composition of honeys: preliminary study on identification and group quantification. Apidologie, 20(2), 115-125. Original title or source: Les composes phenoliques des miels: etude preliminaire sur l'identification et la quantification par familles. The phenol fraction was extracted from 4 unifloral honeys, from 3 honeys predominantly from single nectar sources, and from one honeydew honey. Total content of phenols in the fractions ranged from 5.8 mg/100 mg (Robinia pseudoacacia honey) to 96 mg/100 mg (Arbutus unedo). Content of o-diphenols in these 2 honeys was 1.2 and 9.1 mg/100 g, respectively. Further analyses showed great differences between the nectar honeys in the contents of benzoic acids (578% of phenol fraction), cinnamic acids (1592%), and flavonoids (142%). Honeys of R. pseudoacacia and of Helianthus annuus had the highest flavonoid contents. P. Walker. Lab. Biochimie Metabolique & Technol., Stn. Technol. des Produits Vegetaux, Domaine Saint-Paul, 84140 Montfavet, France. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100612 Honey/composition/phenols. Amis, A. A., Payne, J. A., Cane, J. H. and Horton, D. L. (1989) Pollination of rabbiteye blueberries. Proceedings, Southeastern Professional Fruit Workers Conference, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Fletcher, North Carolina, October 17-18, 1989. Volume 4., 1-7. Nineteen bee species have been recorded on flowering blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) in southeastern USA. Among the most numerous, Xylocopa virginica is a nectar robber, and the holes they make in the flowers are used by Apis mellifera to collect nectar, as its tongue is rather short for reaching the nectar through the corolla tube. It is estimated that 65100% of honey bee visitors collect nectar without entering the flower. In contrast, Bombus species, especially B. bimaculatus and B. impatiens, and Habropoda laboriosa (Anthophoridae) all have long tongues and enter the flower to collect nectar. They also 'buzz' the flower to release pollen. They are thus considered to be the main pollinators. P. Walker. Southeastern Fruit & Tree Nut Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, P. O. Box 87, Byron, GA 31008, USA. Page(s): 1-7. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300380 Pollination/by Habropoda/of Vaccinium/by Bombus/Habropoda/ Bombus/Vaccinium/Foraging/honey bees/nectar/Xylocopa. Amoako, J. and Yeboah-Gyan, K. (1991) Insect pollination of three solanaceous vegetable crops in Ghana with special reference to the role of African honey bee (Apis mellifera adansonii) for fruit set. The Sixth International Symposium on Pollination, Tilburg, Netherlands, 27-31 August 1990 [edited by Heemert, C. van; Ruijter, A. de]. Netherlands, Research Centre for Insect Pollination and Beekeeping and International Society for Horticultural Science, 255-259. Preliminary investigations were conducted in Kumasi, a humid forest area in Ghana, on the floral morphology, relative abundance of insect visitors, mode of reproduction and the efficiency of African honeybees (Apis mellifera adansonii) in increasing the yields of Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum frutescens and Solanum melongena, commonly grown in Ghana. Results indicated that these 3 species are partly self-incompatible and need cross-fertilization for greater fruit set. They share a common spectrum of insect species as visitors, the most abundant being the bees A. mellifera and Xylocopa spp. The foraging patterns and abundance of the insects were affected by temperature and RH. Plants visited by insects generally produced more fruits of better quality. Flowers of the crops pollinated by honeybees produced significantly greater fruit yields than those excluded from insects. Flowers also showed earlier petal fall which resulted in more uniform fruit ripening. The results indicate the effectiveness of using honeybees to increase fruit set of these crops. Author. Dept. Biological Sci., Univ. Sci. & Technol., Kumasi, Ghana. Ghana. Page(s): 255-259. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201430 Pollination/by honeybees/of Lycopersicon/Honeybees/of Capsicum frutescens/of Solanum melongena/in Ghana/Ghana/ Lycopersicon/Capsicum frutescens/Solanum melongena/Apis mellifera adansonii/races. Amoros, M., Sauvager, F., Girre, L. and Cormier, M. (1992) In vitro antiviral activity of propolis. Apidologie, 23(3), 231-240. Author. The in vitro effect of propolis on several DNA and RNA viruses including herpes simplex type 1, an acyclovir resistant mutant, herpes simplex type 2, adenovirus type 2, vesicular stomatitis virus and poliovirus type 2, was investigated. The inhibition of poliovirus propagation was clearly observed through a plaque reduction test and a multistep virus replication assay with selectivity index equal to 5. At the concentration of 30 g/ml, propolis reduced the titre of herpes simplex viruses by 1000, whereas vesicular stomatitis virus and adenovirus were less susceptible. In addition to its effect on virus multiplication, propolis was also found to exert a virucidal action on the enveloped viruses HSV and VSV. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculte de Pharmacie, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400667 Inhibition/of viruses/by propolis/Viruses/Propolis/as hive products/Hive products. Amyot, J. (1987) Agroforestry and smallholder financial viability. Multipurpose tree species for small-farm use. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Pattaya, Thailand, 2-5 November 1987 [edited by Withington, D.; MacDicken, K. G.; Sastry, C. B.; Adams, N. R.]., 182-190. Included in this paper is a report of a beekeeping project in NE Thailand. One problem encountered was that of a dearth period from May to September. An attempt to overcome this was made by growing Calliandra calothyrsus and Helianthus. In March 1986, the number of beekeepers in the project area was 41, and the number of colonies (Apis mellifera) 350. Economic data indicate that beekeeping in the project area could be more lucrative than farming. Honey production in 5 of the 6 villages in the area totalled 2522 kg in 198586, and at this level marketing problems occurred. Honey prices fell but were still sufficient to motivate beekeepers to expand. D. G. Lowe. Chulalongkorn Univ., Bangkok, Thailand. Page(s): 182-190. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200122 Beekeeping/Thailand/Agricultural planning/developing countries. An, J. K. and Ho, K. K. (1993) The development of processing and utilization of bee pollen. Special Publication - Taiwan Apiculture and Silkworm Experimental Station(1), 75-84. The production and use of bee-collected pollen in Taiwan and China are discussed. Library code: Bc. Language: Ch. Author address: Department of Zoology, Taiwan Museum, Taiwan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501439 hive products/health foods/pollen/as hive products/China/Taiwan/bee-collected pollen. Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1993) The role of thrips in pollination. Current Science, 65(3), 262-264. D. G. Lowe. This article reviews, with 18 references, the role of thrips in the pollination of some members of the Asteraceae [Compositae], Solanaceae and Fabaceae [Leguminosae]. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Madras 600034, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501145 pollinators/beneficial insects/pollination/Thysanoptera/of Compositae/by Thysanoptera/of Solanaceae/of Leguminosae/asteraceae/Solanaceae/fabaceae. Anasiewicz, A., Ruszkowski, A., Kosior, A., Sowa, S., Bilinski, M. and Kaczmarska, K. (1992) The bumble bees of provinces Chem and Biaa Podlaska. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 36, 115-124. Original title or source: Trzmiele wojewodztwa chemskiego i bialsko-podlaskiego. P. Walker. From these 2 provinces in Poland, 18 and 14 Bombus species, respectively, were collected during 195774. B. terrestris and B. lucorum were dominant in two-thirds of the localities sampled, but B. ruderarius, B. muscorum, B. ruderatus and B. lapidarius were commmon in others. Two very rare species, B. maculidorsis and B. laesus, were collected. The population density of bumble bees was too low for a potentially economic seed yield to be obtained from red clover in 197274, except in one locality. Library code: Bj. Language: Pl. Author address: Katedra Entomologii AR, ul. Akademicka 15, 20-033 Lublin, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500434 Bombus/Poland. Anderson, D. L. (1988) Half-moon disorder of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) in New Zealand. Bee keeping in the year 2000. Proceedings of the Second Australian and International Beekeeping Congress, Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, July 21-26, 1988 [edited by Rhodes, J.W.]. Australia, International Colour Productions Pty. Lyd. for the Federal Council of Australian Apiarists' Associations, 77-79. In this disorder (HMD), first described in 1982, larvae die while still in the coiled stage after first turning yellow. They dry into crescent or 'half-moon' shaped brown scales half-way up or around the lip of their cells. So far no causative organism has been isolated. In the studies described, no viruses were detected in dead larvae, and the only bacteria isolated were Bacillus coagulans (2 colonies) and B. larvae ( 2 colonies). There was no evidence that a bacterium is the sole causative agent of the disorder, nor was there any evidence of protozoan, rickettsial or fungal infections. Darkened fat-bodies and dark flecks on the ovaries were found in queens from colonies with HMD. Colonies into which brood combs containing HMD were introduced did not develop HMD, but when queens from affected colonies were introduced into healthy colonies, these also developed the disorder. It is concluded that HMD is probably due to a queen disorder. Additional symptoms for HMD are described. D. G. Lowe. DSIR, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand. Page(s): 77-79. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200619 Honeybee brood/diseases/Queen honeybees/disorders. Anderson, D. L. and Gibbs, A. J. (1988) Inapparent virus infections and their interactions in pupae of the honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) in Australia. Journal of General Virology, 69, 1617-1635. When pupae from apparently healthy colonies were injected with various salt or buffer solutions, certain virus infections were activated: black queen cell virus (BQCV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), sac brood virus (SBV) and, occasionally, cricket paralysis virus. Infections of SBV were activated merely by incubating pupae at 35C. In one group of pupae, about 40% were infected with KBV, about 43% with SBV and about 15% with BQCV. There was no evidence of interference between the viruses in the establishment of inapparent infections of pupae, but various tests showed clear evidence of interference during or after activation. P. Walker. Res. School Biological Sci., Australian Natn. Univ., Canberra 2601, Australia. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200620 Viral diseases/honeybee brood/diseases/viruses/Honeybees/pupae. Anderson, G. J. and Symon, D. (1988) Insect foragers on Solanum flowers in Australia. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 75(3), 842-852. The flowers of Solanum species lack nectar but are a rich source of pollen. Eighteen native insect species were found on flowers of 18 Solanum species in a field study in Australia. All of the Solanum species studied are endemic to Australia, and about one-half of them are andromonoecious or dioecious. Fifteen of the insect species and 93% of total floral visitors were bees. New records of activity on Solanum flowers in Australia are reported for Braunsapis and Xylocopa (Anthophoridae), Leioproctus (Colletidae), and Trigona (Apidae). Two species each of Amegilla (Anthophoridae), Nomia (Halictidae) and Trigona are considered the most significant floral visitors for pollination. This conclusion is based on the distribution, abundance and behaviour of the bees, and on the high percentage of Solanum pollen in their pollen loads. Amegilla and Nomia extract pollen by 'buzzing' it out of the anthers; Trigona species do not. Species of Amegilla are hypothesized to effect interpopulation outcrosses. Trigona species are considered important primarily in self-pollination, and species of Nomia transmit pollen both within and between plants. This pollinator assemblage is postulated to have been associated with the evolution of dioecy in Australian Solanum. Author. Ecology & Evolutionary Biology U-43, Univ. Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100719 Pollination/by Apoidea/of Solanum/Apoidea/Solanum/Foraging/ pollen. Anderson, D. L. and Gibbs, A. J. (1989) Transpuparial transmission of Kashmir bee virus and sacbrood virus in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Annals of Applied Biology, 114(1), 1-7. When particles of Kashmir bee virus (KBV) and sac brood virus (SBV) were fed to honeybee larvae in Australian colonies, the resulting pupae became inapparently infected. There was no statistically significant difference in the susceptibility of 1, 2, 3 or 4-day-old larvae for either virus, but 5-day-old larvae were significantly less susceptible to SBV than younger larvae. There was no significant difference in the proportions of pupae that became inapparently infected when, as larvae, they were fed various concentrations of each virus, but significantly more larvae were removed from their cells (by nurse bees) when fed concentrated preparations of each virus than when fed diluted preparations. Susceptible larvae that became inapparently infected with KBV and SBV developed normally into inapparently infected pupae and later emerged as inapparently infected, seemingly healthy adult workers. Author. Res. School Biological Sci., Australian Natn. Univ., Canberra 2601, Australia. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200992 Viral diseases/honeybee brood/diseases/viruses/Honeybees/pupae. Anderson, D. L. (1989) Mites and pathogens of the European honey bee Apis mellifera and the Eastern hive bee Apis cerana in Papua New Guinea. Auckland, New Zealand, DSIR, Entomology Division. This is a report of a survey which involved field observations, and also laboratory tests on samples of bees (larvae, pupae, adults) from 91 hived A. mellifera colonies and 10 feral A. cerana colonies. In A. mellifera, Nosema apis was found in 28% of colonies, the average infection being 6 10 spores/bee. Bacillus larvae was found in 1 colony at 1 site (first report of AFB in Papua New Guinea), but Melissococcus pluton was not detected. No cases of chalk brood were found. Sacbrood virus was the commonest virus detected, followed by black queen cell virus. The other 2 viruses detected (chronic bee paralysis virus and Kashmir bee virus) were present in only a few colonies. Varroa jacobsoni was found in 3 colonies at one site, and in 2 at another. Tropilaelaps clareae was found in 3 colonies, but Acarapis woodi was not detected. In A. cerana colonies, N. apis, chalk brood, EFB, A. woodi and T. clareae were not detected, nor were any known viruses of A. mellifera, but all the colonies were heavily infested with V. jacobsoni and Kashmir bee virus was common. The study also revealed that A. cerana has spread from its original introduction site (Vanimo), and the threat to commercial beekeeping because of the spread of V. jacobsoni is discussed. A training programme for beekeepers and the introduction of control methods against Varroa are recommended. D. G. Lowe. Entomology Div., DSIR, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand. Papua New Guinea. Page(s): v + 76 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101238 Honeybees/diseases/Papua New Guinea/Pests/of honeybees/Acari/ Apis cerana/ Laelapidae/ Acari/ Varroidae/ Natural enemies/ Pollinators/ Arthropod pests/ Beneficial insects/ Hymenoptera/ Apidae/ Insect viruses/ Pathogens/ Insects/Apis mellifera/ ectoparasites/Tropilaelaps clareae/hosts/Acarapis woodi/Apis cerana/Varroa jacobsoni/Apis/Papua New Guinea/natural enemies. Anderson, D. L. (1990) Pests and pathogens of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) in Fiji. Journal of Apicultural Research, 29(1), 53-59. The occurrence and distribution of pests and pathogens of Apis mellifera in Fiji, surveyed during OctoberNovember 1986, are reported. AFB was detected in 33 (47%) hived colonies at one locality but only 1 (0.8%) of all other colonies examined in other localities. Infestations of wax moth (Galleria mellonella or Achroia grisella) were observed in 139 (70%) hived colonies. The cane toad, Bufo marinus, was also observed as a pest of bee colonies. Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) and sacbrood virus (SBV) were present in 30 (31%) and 76 (79%) hived colonies, respectively. Bee virus X, bee virus Y, black queen cell virus (BQCV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), and slow bee paralysis virus were also detected in these colonies but they were less common than CBPV and SBV. Inapparent infections of SBV, BQCV and KBV were detected in seemingly healthy bees from hived colonies. SBV and CBPV were also detected in feral colonies. The Fijian KBV isolates were serologically distinguishable from New Zealand and Australian KBV isolates. Nosema apis was found in 45 (47%) hived colonies. It was also detected in feral colonies. Malpighamoeba mellificae was detected in workers from 1 hived colony. EFB and chalk brood disease, the tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi, and other mites such as Varroa jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps clareae, were not detected in any colonies. Author. Dept. Sci. & Industrial Res., Entomology Div., Mt. Albert Res. Centre, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand. Fiji. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201333 Pests/of honeybees/Fiji/Honeybees/diseases/honeybee brood/ American foul brood/Galleria mellonella/Achroia grisella/ Bufo marinus/Nosema disease/Malpighamoeba/Bee viruses. Anderson, D. (1990) The disease and pest situation in the Pacific region; the threat of exotic diseases and pests from Papua New Guinea; diseases and disorders of queen bees. Australasian Beekeeper, 92(6), 227-231. The situation in each of the following is summarized briefly: Fiji, Norfolk Island, Western Samoa and New Zealand. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), beekeeping in the Highland region has been developed with aid from New Zealand, and over 200 beekeepers now have 4000 Apis mellifera colonies in hives. However, this beekeeping is threatened by the continuing spread of A. cerana swarms (55100 km/yr) which are infected with AFB and Kashmir bee virus. These pathogens have not previously been reported in PNG. The swarms are also infested with Varroa jacobsoni and possibly low numbers of Tropilaelaps clareae. The likely future directions of spread of A. cerana are suggested; if they reached Australia, the situation would be very serious. The last part of this article discusses research, just started, on diseases and disorders of Apis mellifera queens. P. Walker. Division of Entomology, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Papua New Guinea. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201334 Queen honeybees/diseases/disorders/Apis cerana/Papua New Guinea/Honeybees/Pacific islands/pests. Anderson, D. L. (1990) A consultancy on beekeeping in the Sultanate of Oman. Canberra, Australia, CSIRO, Division of Entomology. Bacillus larvae, the causative organism of AFB, was isolated from diseased honeybee larvae collected from several colonies at Salalah in southern Oman, but was not detected in colonies elsewhere in the country. Control measures, involving an 'inspectioneradication' programme and quarantine restrictions on the importation and movement of all live honeybees and used beekeeping equipment, are advised. Comments are made on beekeeping in Oman, including management practices, extension services and honey marketing, and a 5-year plan for the development of apiculture in Oman is presented. D. G. Lowe. Div. Entomology, CSIRO, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Oman. Page(s): ii + 27 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101253 Honeybee brood/American foul brood/Oman/Beekeeping. Anderson, D. L. (1991) Apis cerana and its associated mites and pathogens in Papua New Guinea. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Recent Research on Bee Pathology, September 5-7, 1990, Ghent, Belgium [edited by Ritter, W.]. Merelbeke, Belgium, Rijksstation voor Nematologie en Entomologie on behalf of Apimondia, 196-201. The results of a 1989 survey [Report, DSIR Entomology Division, Auckland, New Zealand (1989): v + 76 pp.] are summarized and discussed. See AA 1238/90. Division of Entomology, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Papua New Guinea. Page(s): 196-201. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301204 Honey bees/diseases/Papua New Guinea/Pests/of honey bees/ Acari/Apis cerana. Anderson, R. H. and Buys, B. (1991) Bees and beekeeping in southern Africa. Proceedings of the International Beekeepers' Symposium held at Stellenbosch, South Africa, 24-26 January, 1990. Cape Town, South Africa, S. A. Federation of Beekeepers' Associations. This book contains the proceedings of the symposium, including the opening and closing addresses and the 2 Crisp Memorial lectures (on pollination of apple and pear, and the value and use of honey bees for pollination). The other 37 contributions are grouped into 7 sections, as follows: pollination/pollinator behaviour/honey bee management for pollination; Africanized honey bees; pesticides; biology and management of Cape (Apis mellifera capensis) and African (A. m. scutellata) honey bees; honey bee products and marketing; bee botany; beekeeping activities. There is a list of sponsors and an author index. Papers of particular interest are abstracted separately in this issue of Apicultural Abstracts.\0BD. G. Lowe. South Africa. Anderson, R. H.; Buys, B. (Editors). Page(s): v + 160 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301222 Beekeeping/Africa/southern Africa/Apis mellifera/Honey bees/ races/Apis mellifera capensis/Pollination/by honey bees/of crops/Crops/Conferences/South Africa/Books. Anderson, D. L. (1991) Kashmir bee virus a relatively harmless virus of honey bee colonies. American Bee Journal, 131(12), 767-768, 770. Two hypotheses are discussed: (A) Kashmir bee virus (KBV) may be present in many countries and may have a broad insect host range; (B) KBV may be endemic in honey bees in N. America from where it may have been taken in live bees to Australia and New Zealand. Beekeepers in the last 2 countries have not reported problems or losses caused by this virus alone, and KBV does not appear to be harmful to Apis cerana colonies in Papua New Guinea. It has been reported that KBV normally replicates at low levels in the gut of honey bees, and generally produces no symptoms. However, there are occasional reports that in a colony infected with Nosema apis or Melissococcus pluton, KBV appears to escape from the (damaged) gut and replicates more rapidly in other tissues, with lethal effect. The normal inapparent infection by KBV is compared with the similar widespread infection of honey bees in England and continental Europe with acute bee paralysis virus. P. Walker. CSIRO Division of Entomology, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301347 Viral diseases/honey bees/diseases/viruses/Kashmir bee virus/ incidence/Apis cerana. Anderson, D. L. and Giacon, H. (1992) Reduced pollen collection by honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies infected with Nosema apis and sacbrood virus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(1), 47-51. P. Walker. Honey bee colonies that were fed with 50% sugar syrup containing sac brood virus particles or N. apis spores collected significantly less pollen than colonies fed only on syrup. The incidence and severity of sac brood and nosema disease were generally greater in the treated colonies than in those fed only with syrup, but the locations in which the colonies were sited also affected the severity of the resulting infections. Brood and adult bee populations were much reduced in colonies fed sac brood virus or N. apis spores, with 12 of 17 colonies reduced to weak status. Populations increased in 9 of 11 control colonies. The results suggest that the pollinating efficiency of infected colonies is less than that of healthy colonies, and beekeepers preparing colonies for pollination should be aware of this. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: DSIR, Plant Protection, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401180 Foraging/honey bees/pollen/Honey bee brood/sac brood/effects/ nosema disease. Andersson, S. (1988) Size-dependent pollination efficiency in Anchusa officinalis (Boraginaceae): causes and consequences. Oecologia, 76(1), 125-130. Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) foraging on self-incompatible Anchusa officinalis flowers flew between near-neighbour plants and between near-neighbour inflorescences within plants. Although many-flowered plants attracted most bumble bees, they received fewer visits per flower than smaller plants, and each bee visited a smaller proportion of the flowers. The percentage fruit set decreased with increasing plant size but the total estimated seed production per plant still increased with size. J. M. Gedye. Dept. Systematic Botany, O. Vallgatan 18-20, 22361 Lund, Sweden. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200044 Pollination/by Bombus/of Anchusa/Bombus/Anchusa. Andondonskaja-Renz, B. and Zeithler, H. J. (1989) Determination of pteridines in royal jelly and caviar by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Micronutrient Analysis, 5(2), 83-90. The method for the determination of 11 pteridines in royal jelly and in caviar which is reported is based on acid extraction of the pteridines and their qualitative and quantitative analysis (with or without prior acid iodine oxidation) by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorometric detection. Inst. Klinische Haemtol. Gesellschaft Strahlen, Umweltforschung mbH, Landwehrstrasse 61, 8000 Munich 2, Germany. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301447 Royal jelly/pteridines/as hive products/Hive products/ Analytical methods/Chromatography. Andreev, A. U., Stratan, V. S., Patrashku, V. I. and Ursu, E. N. (1991) Apoidea pollinators of lucerne in the Moldavian republic. Buletinul Academiei de Stiinte a Republicii Moldova. Siinte Biologice si Chimice(5), 44-47. Of the 79 species of Apoidea found on lucerne flowers, about 70 were pollinators. Library code: Bb. Language: Ru. Author address: Institut Zoologii, Akademii Nauk, Moldova. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500423 pollination/Apoidea/of Medicago sativa/by Apoidea/Medicago sativa/Moldova. Andreu, D., Ubach, J., Boman, A., Wahlin, B., Wade, D., Merrifield, R. B. and Boman, H. G. (1992) Shortened cecropin A-melittin hybrids. Significant size reduction retains potent antibiotic activity. FEBS Letters, 296(2), 190-194. See AA 1031/93.\0BD. G. Lowe. Cecropin-melittin hybrid peptides (26-residue) have been shown to have antibacterial activity [see D. Wade et. al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1990) 87, 4761-4765]. Analogues with a substantial reduction in size at the C-terminal section (15-, 18- and 20-residue), with similar antibacterial properties to the larger molecule, are now reported. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martii Franques 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500681 honey bee venom/melittin/analogues/inhibition/bacteria/of bacteria/by melittin. Andrianov, A. M. and Akrem, A. A. (1991) Spatial structure of apamine in solution. Molekuliarnaia Biologia, 25(4), 937-945. Language: Ru. Author address: Inst. Bioorg. Chem., Acad. Sci., Minsk 220045, Belarus. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401025 Honey bee venom/APAMIN/structure. Angeles Camacho, M., Martin, B. and Mata, J. (1991) Migratory beekeeping in the Canary Islands. Albariza(3), 11-13. Original title or source: La trashumancia en las Islas Canarias. Mentions the main plant sources of the different islands. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400183 Migratory beekeeping/Canary Islands/Honey bee forage/ Beekeeping. Aniksztejn, L., Charriaut-Marlangue, C., Roisin, M. P. and Ben-Ari, Y. (1990) Long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampus induced by the mast cell degranulating peptide: analysis of the release of endogenous excitatory amino acids and proteins. Neuroscience, 35(1), 63-70. The observations suggest that mast cell degranulating peptide from honey bee venom induces long-term potentiation which is not associated with a sustained enhanced release of excitatory amino acids. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Physiopathologie du Developpement, INSERM U29, 123 Bld. Port-Royal, 75014 Paris, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400682 Honey bee venom/peptides/effects/Rats/brain/electrophysiology. Anjum, F., Siddiqui, M. K. J., Sultana, H. and Qadri, S. S. H. (1988) Some metabolic changes induced by DDT and piperonyl butoxide in honey bee Apis cerana indica. Comparative Physiology and Ecology, 13(2), 85-88. Toxicology Unit, Regional Research Laboratory, Hyderabad 500007, India. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300805 Poisoning/of honey bees/by DDT/by piperonyl butoxide/Honey bees/DDT/Piperonyl butoxide/Apis cerana/metabolism. Ann, H. I. (1988) Survey on the influx of Korean beekeepers into foreign countries. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 3(2), 72-83. Library code: Bj. Language: Ko. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100125 Beekeepers/Korea Republic/Beekeeping. Anzenberger, G. (1986) How do carpenter bees recognize the entrance of their nests? An experimental investigation in a natural habitat. Ethology, 71(1), 54-62. Carpenter bee females (genus Xylocopa) enter only their own nests, constructed in woody stems. They can be found in the same burrow over a period of months, regardless of whether they are living singly or aggregated in close vicinity. The aim of this study in Tanzania was to investigate and to clarify which sensory systems are responsible for the recognition of the nest. Females of 3 species were tested in their natural habitat. Following an alteration in the immediate visual surroundings of either the entrance or the entire dwelling stem, bees behaved as they did in undisturbed situations and entered their nests. A relative dislocation of the entrance within the dwelling stem or a displacement of the whole stem within a restricted range had no effect on the recognition of the burrow. When the entrance was plugged by foam rubber the bees landed only after extended searching. When the entrance was closed by a strip of scotch tape the bees searched for several minutes, departed, then returned and searched again with the same result. The bees showed no indications that they recognized their burrow. The results suggest that the bees recognized their burrows primarily or exclusively by olfactory cues. The possibility that individually distinctive odour substances are secreted by the mandibular glands is discussed. Author. Psychologisches Inst. der Univ. Zurich, Attenhoferstr. 9, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300105 Xylocopa/nests/orientation/Senses/smell. Appel, A. G. (1990) Knockdown efficiency and materials' compatibility of wasp and hornet spray formulations to honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 83(5), 1925-1931. In a laboratory bioassay 24 formulations, the majority containing resmethrin or pyrethrins, sold for killing wasps and hornets, were tested on Apis mellifera workers. Knockdown efficiency at 1 minute after treatment ranged from 11% to 100%. Knockdown was not correlated with the amount of active ingredient in a formulation. Formulations containing methylene chloride (Freon-11 and Freon-12) had the highest knockdown; they lowered bees' thoracic temperatures by up to 16.9C. Minimum body temperature was correlated with knockdown. In separate tests, many of the sprays damaged plastics but none damaged flat water-based or glossy oil-based paints. P. Walker. Department of Entomology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301420 Poisoning/of honey bees/by sprays/aerosols/Honey bees/Sprays/ temperature/by insecticides/Insecticides/Methylene chloride. Appel, H. and Buchler, R. (1991) Heat treatment of brood combs for Varroa control. Apidologie, 22(4), 470-472. Original title or source: [Summary]. When Varroa-infested honey bee brood, shortly before emergence, was heated at 44C for 4 h, all mites were killed. To study the effect of heating on the bees, combs of brood of different ages were heated for different periods at different temperatures. Treatment for 4 h at 44 had no apparent effect on emergence rate or food consumption, and a limited but not significant effect on lifespan. Increasing the temperature to 45 had a negative and frequently significant effect on emergence rate and lifespan. Younger brood (910 days) was the most sensitive. In further tests, trapping combs were treated at 44 for 4 h and then used to make artificial swarms; 21 days later, survival rate was 39%, which was significantly lower than in controls (51%). P. Walker. Abteilung fur Bienenzucht, Hessische Landesanstalt fur Tierzucht, Erlenstrasse 9, 3675 Kirchhain, Germany. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300594 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/control methods/heat/effects/Honey bee brood. Appelgren, M., Bergstrom, G., Svensson, B. G. and Cederberg, B. (1991) Marking pheromones of Megabombus bumble bee males. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 45(9), 972-974. P. Walker. Whole heads and labial glands were removed from males of 7 Megabombus species (collected in Scandinavia, 1 sample from Austria), and then analysed. The major components of the labial gland volatiles are tabulated. The characteristic marking compounds were found to be sesqui- and di-terpenes, straight-chain mono-unsaturated aldehydes, alcohols and acetates, and one C-hydrocarbon. Similarities within the 3 subgenera (Thoracobombus, Subterraneobombus and Megabombus) are pointed out. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Chemical Ecology, Goteborg University, Reutersgatan 2C, 413 20 Goteborg, Sweden. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500746 labial glands/secretions/pheromones/sesquiterpenes/males/aldehydes/alcohols/diterpenes/acetates/Bombus. Arai, K. (1992) Artificial rearing of a Japanese tree cricket, Oecanthus longicauda Matsumura, on drone honey bee powder. Honeybee Science, 13(4), 175-178. Author. Crickets reared on drone honey bee powder and honey were as heavy as naturally reared insects. Adults survived on the powder and showed good fecundity. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Author address: Faculty of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401379 Gryllidae/rearing techniques/feeding/Honey bees/as hive products/Hive products/Drone honey bees/powders. Archer, M. E. (1988) The aculeate wasp and bee assemblage (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of a woodland: Bernwood Forest in the English Midlands. Entomologist, 107(1), 24-33. Of the 35 species of Apoidea listed, Bombus spp. were the most common. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100045 Vespidae/England/Apoidea/woodlands. Archer, M. E. (1990) Seasonal flight activity of bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apinae) as monitored by Malaise trap catches. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History, 3(4), 173-175. P. Walker. Five traps were set up in Bernwood Forest, England, and were sampled weekly from 1 April to 30 September during 198082. Bombus ruderarius, Psithyrus barbutellus, P. sylvestris and P. vestalis were captured as single specimens or in small numbers. Five species were found in larger numbers: (A) B. lucorum, (B) B. terrestris, (C) B. pratorum, (D) B. hortorum, (E) B. pascuorum. A was 5 times more abundant than B, and the numbers of the others were intermediate. In A, B and E, workers were most common, but in C and D males were most common. The month(s) of maximum worker activity varied between the species; C was the earliest (early June, second peak mid-July) and E the latest (mid-August to mid-September). Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology, College of Ripon and York St. John, York YO3 7EX, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400048 Bombus/seasonal cycle/England/Psithyrus. Archer, M. E. (1992) A comparison of the solitary wasps and bees (Hym., Aculeata) of Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire and Lydford Moorland, Devon [UK]. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 128(1532-35), 51-57. D. G. Lowe. Numbers of species, frequency of aerial nesting and cleptoparasitic loads of solitary bees and wasps were determined for these 2 sites. The number of species recorded at Charnwood Forest was 147 (74 bee species) and at Lydford 133 (84 bee species). Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500398 Hymenoptera/Apoidea/UK. Arculeo, P., Vitale, F. and Caracappa, S. (1993) Efficacy of treatments with formic acid and fluvalinate against Varroa jacobsoni. Apicoltore Moderno, 84(5), 185-192. Original title or source: Efficacia dei trattamenti con acido formico e fluvalinate contro Varroa jacobsoni Oud. P. Walker. Results are reported of trials in Sicily in 1991-1992 in which 24 Varroa-infested honey bee colonies [Apis mellifera] were treated with 60% formic acid and 15 with Apistan (fluvalinate) at different times of the year. Overall, fluvalinate was more efficient, with average mite mortality ranging from 92.6% to 98.3% (from 74.5% to 93.3% for formic acid). Formic acid residues in honey samples from treated colonies ranged from 2.2 ppm to 109 ppm, and in samples from untreated colonies from 0 to 97.6 ppm. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia 'A. Mirri', Palermo, Sicily, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501031 beneficial insects/Apis mellifera/ectoparasites/chemical control/pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/formic acid/fluvalinate/honey/pesticide residues. Argauer, R. J. and Moats, W. A. (1991) Degradation of oxytetracyline in honey as measured by fluorescence and liquid chromatographic assays. Apidologie, 22(2), 109-115. A rapid and simple HPLC method for the determination of oxytetracycline (OTC) in honey has been developed using a poly(styrene60% divinylbenzene) column. Recovery from spiked honey samples was almost 100%, but a fluorescence assay method gave a recovery of only 8090%. OTC was also determined in uncapped honey samples removed from a colony that had been treated with the antibiotic. The half-life of OTC in samples kept at 34C was approximately 12 days. Between 0.5 and 50 ppm OTC can be determined within 15 minutes using this new HPLC method. P. Walker. Bee Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300307 Analytical methods/honey/impurities/oxytetracycline/ Chromatography. Argauer, R. J. and Herbert, E. W., Jr. (1992) Stability of oxytetracycline residues in pollen pellets harvested from medicated research colonies of the honey bee. American Bee Journal, 132(5), 332-334. P. Walker. In USA and many other countries the presence of oxytetracycline in honey or pollen for human consumption is not permitted. Instructions on the label of Terramycin (oxytetracycline hydrochloride) state that after a colony has been fed with Terramycin in sugar syrup (to prevent foul brood), any honey stores must be removed from the hive if honey is to be harvested for human consumption. In tests, 2 colonies were fed from 21 March to 2 April with Terramycin in syrup, one at the recommended dose and one at twice that dose. Although bees were free to forage, little nectar was available. 'Honey'stores were not removed from the hives when pollen foraging started on 2 April and on that day pollen taken from pollen traps on the hives contained 19 and 29 ppm oxytetracycline, respectively. Six days later, levels in pollen were 68 ppm and at 17 days about 2 ppm. Foragers apparently fed on the medicated syrup which they used to form pollen grains into pellets. Oxytetracycline was found to be more stable in stored pollen than in syrup and was still present in pollen after 4 years' storage. It is concluded that if pollen is to be harvested for human consumption, medicated 'honey'stores must be removed from a colony after treatment with Terramycin. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Natural Resources Institute, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400669 Pollen/as hive products/Hive products/impurities/ oxytetracycline/Honey bee brood/foul brood/prevention/Feeding/ honey bees. Argento, R. (1991) Equipment for the professional beekeeper. Ekobi-info(December), 6-17. Original title or source: Utrustning for yrkesbiodlare. Frames, combs (plastic and other types), hives, bee blowers, honey processing equipment. Library code: Bj. Language: Sv. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401232 Beekeeping/equipment/Honey/processing. Arias, M. C., Soares, A. E. E. and Nobrega, F. G. (1990) Improvements to the mitochondrial restriction maps for Italian and Africanized honey bees. Revista Brasileira de Genetica, 13(3), 501-507. Mitochondrial DNA was extracted from pupae taken from 2 Africanized Apis mellifera colonies (in Brazil) and from pure A. m. ligustica colonies maintained by instrumental insemination. The DNA was characterized by digestion with the restriction endonucleases Acc I, BamH I, Bgl II, Cla I, EcoR I, EcoR V, Hind III, Pst I and Xho I. The results obtained allowed the construction of a composite circular map about 16600 base pairs long for A. mellifera. The two genomes could be distinguished by digestion with the enzymes Acc I, Bgl II and EcoR I. The mitochondrial DNA of the Africanized bees presented no sites for the endonucleases BstE II, Kpn I, Sac I and Sty I. Author. Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 20780, 01498 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300501 Honey bees/mitochondria/DNA/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/Apis mellifera ligustica. Arias, M. C. and Nobrega, F. G. (1991) Location of genes in Apis mellifera scutellata-derived mitochondrial DNA of Africanized honey bees. Apidologie, 22(6), 611-619. The mitochondrial DNA of Africanized honey bees (from Sao Paulo, Brazil) having a mtDNA haplotype known from the African subspecies Apis mellifera scutellata, was analysed for the location of 6 mitochondrial genes by hybridization to mitochondrial gene probes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes for the small and large ribosomal RNAs, cytochrome oxidase subunits I, II and III and apocytochrome b were positioned relative to the mitochondrial DNA fragments generated with 6 different restriction endonucleases utilized singly or in combination. Results show that these genes are in the same relative positions as Drosophila genes. Author. Departamento de Genetica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14049 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301282 Honey bees/genes/mitochondria/DNA/Apis mellifera/Brazil/Apis mellifera scutellata/races. Aripov, T. F., Rozhenstein, I. A., Salakhutdinov, B. A., Lev, A. A. and Gottlib, V. A. (1987) The influence of cytotoxins from Central Asian cobra venom and melittin from bee venom on the thermodynamic properties of phospholipid bilayers. General Physiology and Biophysics, 6(4), 343-357. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200729 Honeybee venom/melittin/effects/Phospholipids. Arita, L. H., Sakai, W. S. and Moniz, J. J. (1989) Pollen types collected by honey bees at three localities on the island of Hawaii. Part I: Floral source identification. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 29, 125-131. Author. Pollen pellets removed from the hindlegs of honey bees returning to their hive were collected on a monthly basis at an altitude of 200 ft at Hakalau and Panaewa, and at an altitude of 4000 ft at Volcano, on the island of Hawaii. Pollen pellet samples were visually separated by colour and identified to floral source at the family level. The samples contained 97 pollen types from 29 plant families. Sixty-three pollen types were found exclusively at a single location: 23 types from 10 families at Hakalau, 12 types from 9 families at Panaewa, and 28 types from 15 families at Volcano. Thirty-four pollen types were found at more than one location; 5 types from 4 families at Hakalau and Panaewa, 6 types from 6 families at Panaewa and Volcano, and 14 types from 10 families at Hakalau and Volcano. Nine pollen types from 7 families were common to all locations. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: College of Agriculture, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI 96720, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400929 Pollen plants/USA/Hawaii/Foraging/honey bees/pollen. armati, D., Boskovic, L. and armati, S. (1985) Investigation of some microelements in honey from the Sumadija region. Hrana i Ishrana, 26(5/8), 129-131. Original title or source: Ispitivanje nekih mikroelemenata u medu sa podrucja uze Sumadije. Samples of acacia and meadow honeys from the region of Arandelovac, Yugoslavia, were analysed for their metal contents. Their Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni and Cr contents were 0.51.5, 0.05, 0.100.45, 0.618.0, 0.92.3, 0.1 and 0.10.2 mg/kg (wet weight), respectively. The high levels of zinc may have been caused by contamination from zinc-plate used in centrifuges and honey containers. Author. ZZZZ SR Srbije, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Library code: Bc. Language: Sh. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100267 Honey/composition/metals. Armbruster, W. S. (1986) Reproductive interactions between sympatric Dalechampia species: are natural assemblages 'random' or organized? Ecology, 67(2), 522-533. The observed patterns of sympatry and of visits of pollinators (mainly euglossine bees) to sympatric Dalechampia species were tested against 3 null models: (1) operating by species assemblage processes; (2) operating by species evolution processes; (3) operating by 1 and 2. Two alternative definitions of sympatry were used with each model. Results suggest that populations of Dalechampia are structured with respect to pollinator use; indirect evidence suggests that some of this structuring has occurred through evolution of component taxa. See also AA 770/87.\0BP. Walker. Dept. Biology, Fisheries & Wildlife, Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100010 Dalechampia/reproduction/plant communities/pollination/by Apoidea/of Dalechampia/Apoidea/Mathematical models. Armbruster, W. S. and Mziray, W. R. (1987) Pollination and herbivore ecology of an African Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae): comparisons with New World species. Biotropica, 19(1), 64-73. D. cf. parvifolia was studied at sites in northern Tanzania. The staminate flowers have a laminated gland-like structure which secretes a clear sticky resin. Two species of bees visited the inflorescences to collect the resin and/or pollen, the most common being female Heriades aff. spiniscutis (Megachilidae). On 35% of the visits bees collected only resin, on 24% they collected resin and pollen, and on 41% of visits they collected only pollen. The body size of these bees (67 mm) is about twice the distance between the gland and stigma and between the gland and anther; as a result they commonly contacted the stigmas and/or anthers when foraging. In 9 of 13 inflorescences examined, stigmas had more pollen after a visit by Heriades than before, indicating that this bee is an effective pollinator. The inflorescences were also visited infrequently by worker Trigona sp., but these bees were too small to contact the stigma or anthers regularly. Visits by Heriades began about noon, peaked at about 13.3014.40 h, and ceased by about 16.0017.00 h. Rates of visitation by Heriades varied greatly among sites. The data suggest that the number of flowers open at each site influenced the visitation rate. In the absence of pollinators, 59% of ovules produced seed by self-pollination. D. G. Lowe. Dept. Biology, Fisheries & Wildlife, Inst. Arctic Biology, Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100054 Pollination/by Heriades/of Dalechampia/Heriades/Dalechampia/ Foraging/pollen/resins. Armbruster, W. S. (1988) Multilevel comparative analysis of the morphology, function, and evolution of Dalechampia blossoms. Ecology, 69(6), 1746-1761. Analysis of morphological and ecological data recorded for Dalechampia flowers revealed the following correlations: (A) the area of the gland that secretes the pollinator reward (resin or floral fragrances) and the size of the largest bees that visit the flowers; (B) the distance between gland and stigmas and the size of the smallest floral visitor contacting the stigmas; and (C) the distance between gland and anthers and the size of the smallest floral visitor contacting the anthers. Together, these variables appear to determine which subset of the bee fauna will be effective in pollination. The bees that are attracted to Dalechampia flowers are male and female euglossine species, female megachilids, and worker stingless bees. P. Walker. Dept. Biology & Wildlife, Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200774 Pollination/by Apoidea/of Dalechampia/Apoidea/Dalechampia. Armbruster, W. S., Keller, S., Matsuki, M. and Clausen, T. P. (1989) Pollination of Dalechampia magnoliifolia (Euphorbiaceae) by male euglossine bees. American Journal of Botany, 76(9), 1279-1285. Flowers of Dalechampia magnoliifolia in eastern Peru were pollinated primarily by male Eulaema meriana and E. cingulata, which collected fragrance from the secretory gland borne in the staminate cymule. The fragrance contains carvone oxide, benzyl acetate, limonene, -pinene, myrcine, -pinene/camphene, and carvone. Trigona cf. pallens was the most abundant visitor, but was primarily a pollen thief. The rate of contact with the stigmas by Trigona, and hence the bee's efficacy as a pollinator, was highly variable and was determined by variation in the separation of anthers and stigmas. Dalechampia magnoliifolia co-occurred with a congeneric species, D. cissifolia, but did not share pollinators with it. Author. Dept. Biology & Wildlife, Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200784 Pollination/by Eulaema/of Dalechampia/Eulaema/Dalechampia/ Foraging/volatile compounds/flowers/aroma/Trigona/pollen. Armbruster, W. S. and Guinn, D. A. (1989) The solitary bee fauna (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of interior and arctic Alaska: flower associations, habitat use, and phenology. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 62(4), 468-483. Observations at 32 sites in interior Alaska and 2 sites in arctic Alaska revealed the presence of 41 species of solitary bees; nearly half of these were new records for the state. The bees were most diverse and abundant in open treeless habitats, especially in steppes on south-facing bluffs and early successional sites along large rivers. Solitary bees visited a large variety of plants for nectar and pollen and are probably important pollinators of many of these plants. There was a strong positive relationship between the length of a bee species' proboscis and the length of the corolla tube of the flower species it visited for nectar. Data on plantbee relationships are tabulated. D. G. Lowe. Inst. Arctic Biology, Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101038 Apoidea/USA/Alaska/Foraging/nectar/proboscis. Armbruster, W. S. and McCormick, K. D. (1990) Diel foraging patterns of male euglossine bees: ecological causes and evolutionary response by plants. Biotropica, 22(2), 160-171. At study sites in 3 countries, bees were recorded at artificial fragrance baits; in Costa Rica species of Euglossa and Eulaema visited the baits, and in Surinam and Trinidad these 2 genera and also Exaerete were recorded. At each site, male Euglossa bees were the most abundant. Foraging started at c. 07.00 h, with a peak at c. 11.00 h, and activity ceased at c. 14.30 h. The air temperature directly affected flight by Euglossa males before, but not after, 11.00 h. Flowers of Dalechampia brownsbergensis, which are pollinated by male euglossine bees, offer rewards, and are responsive to pollination, in the morning. P. Walker. Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301177 Euglossini/circadian rhythm/Foraging/fragrance/chemicals. Armbruster, W. S. (1993) Within-habitat heterogeneity in baiting samples of male euglossine bees: possible causes and implications. Biotropica, 25(1), 122-128. J. M. Gedye. At 3 different sites, 2 or 3 fragrance bait stations were established 150-1000 m apart in the same habitat. Bees landing on all baits at a site were collected simultaneously where possible. In all cases where bait stations were 200 m or more apart, nearby stations had significantly different samples of male euglossine bees. In some cases bees attracted to the flowers of nearby plants were captured in disproportionately large numbers. On the day after baiting, bee numbers on nearby flowers were depressed but gradually recovered in subsequent days as new bees discovered them. In one case morning baiting had no effect on afternoon foraging, indicating that different groups of bees foraged at different times of the day. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501230 Apidae/fragrance/Euglossini/males/bait traps/behaviour. Armstrong, J. E. and Drummond, B. A., III (1986) Floral biology of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), the nutmeg of commerce. Biotropica, 18(1), 32-38. The flowering and pollination of Myristica fragans were studied in southern India. The staminate flowers are borne in indeterminate inflorescences and function only for a single night. Pistillate flowers are borne solitarily and appear receptive for 23 days. Staminate plants may produce over 50 times as many flowers as pistillate plants. Both types of flowers are strongly fragrant. A single species of beetle, Formicomus braminus, appears to be the best candidate for an effective pollinator of nutmeg in the area of the study, although other species of small beetles may be involved. The beetles are active nocturnally around staminate flowers and carry significant pollen loads. Pollen is the only evident pollinator reward. Pistillate flowers produce no reward, and spatial constraints of the perianth and stigma appear to prevent beetles from entering the flowers. Pollen carried on the beetle's head or body would be deposited on the stigma when the insect attempts to enter the flower. This is the first report of a food-deception automimicry in a cantharophilous pollination system. Author. Dept. Biological Sci., Illinois State Univ., Normal, IL 61761, USA. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100028 Pollination/by Coleoptera/of Myristica fragrans/Coleoptera/ Myristica fragrans. Armstrong, D. P. and Paton, D. C. (1990) Methods for measuring amounts of energy available from banksia inflorescences. Australian Journal of Ecology, 15, 291-297. An inflorescence of Banksia spp. contains numerous tiny, densely packed flowers; the nectar in them is an important source of energy for many Australian mammals. Methods reported in the literature for experimental removal of nectar (to determine the available energy) are reviewed. Power-driven aspirators remove most of the nectar from an inflorescence, syringes rather less and capillary tubes even less; using any of these methods, it takes more than 20 minutes to sample an inflorescence. If an inflorescence is put in a plastic bag attached to a rope and the bag is swung by hand for only 5 minutes, about 70% of the nectar is removed. Although less efficient, this method is clearly quicker and gives a reliable index of the total volume of nectar present, so it can be used for comparing inflorescences from different conditions. P. Walker. School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301103 Banksia/nectar/secretion/yield/Field experimentation. Arnold, G., Budharugsa, S. and Masson, C. (1988) Organization of the antennal lobe in the queen honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera : Apidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 17(3), 185-195. Antennal afferent pathway topography in the brain of the queen honeybee was studied by staining with cobalt chloride applied directly to the cut antennal axons. Antennal lobe organization in the queen was compared with that in worker and drone honeybees; the organization in queens and workers is similar. The possible existence of a macroglomerulus in the dorsal brain region of the 31 queens studied was demonstrated and its possible function is discussed. This is the first time that a macroglomerulus has been revealed in a female insect. A comparative neuromorphological study showed that the mean volume of the glomeruli in 1-year-old queens was 46% greater than in 8-day-old queens. D. G. Lowe. Lab. Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA, CNRS, UA 1190, 91440 Bures sur Yvette, France. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100150 Queen honeybees/brain/antennae. Arnold, G., Masson, C., Le Conte, Y., Trouiller, J., Chappe, B. and Ourisson, G. (1990) Fatty acid esters from honey bee larvae extracts as attractants for Varroa jacobsoni. French Patent(FR 2638326), 20. Female V. jacobsoni are attracted to hexane extracts of honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae [see Le Conte et al. (1989) Science 245, 638-639]. The extracts contain fatty acid esters which can be prepared by transesterification, starting from peanut or sunflower oil. See AA 1007/91. Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA-CNRS, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301404 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/Patents/ Senses/smell/larvae/esters. Arnold, G. (1990) Current and recent research on Varroa in Europe. American Bee Journal, 130(4), 257-261. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200629 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/research/Europe. Arnold, A. (1992) Beeswax candles and figures: instructions on how to make them. Dusseldorf, Germany, ECON Taschenbuch Verlag. Original title or source: Kerzen und Figuren aus Bienenwachs: Anleitung zum Selbermachen. Page(s): 112 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: De. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401378 Beeswax/uses/candles/Books. Arnoo, C. and Arzone, A. (1992) Action of clofentezine, cyromazine, diflubenzuron, fenoxycarb, sesamex and teflubenzuron on Tenebrio molitor and Galleria mellonella. Annali della Facolta di Scienze Agrarie della Universita degli Studi di Torino, 16, 177-191. Original title or source: Azione di clofentezine, cyromazine, diflubenzuron, fenoxycarb, sesamex, teflubenzuron su Tenebrio molitor L. e Galleria mellonella L. Library code: Ba. Language: It. Author address: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria e Apicoltura, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 15, 10126 Turin, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500395 toxicity/Galleria mellonella/insecticides/to Galleria mellonella/of insecticides. Arreguin-Sanchez, M. d. l. L., Palacios-Chavez, R., Quiroz-Garcia, D. L. and Ramos-Zamora, D. (1988) Pollen morphology in the family Polygalaceae of the Valley of Mexico. Acta Botanica Mexicana, 4, 21-27. Original title or source: Morfologia de los granos de polen de la familia Polygalaceae del Valle de Mexico. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Botanica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala y Carpio, Col. Santo Tomas, 11340 Mexico DF, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400713 Polygalaceae/pollen/morphology. Arreguin-Sanchez, M. d. l. L., Quiroz-Garcia, D. L. and Palacios-Chavez, R. (1990) Pollen morphology of the families Aceraceae, Aquifoliaceae, Geraniaceae, Resedaceae, Sabiaceae and Saxifragaceae of the Valley of Mexico. Acta Botanica Mexicana, 10, 3-21. Original title or source: Morfologia de los granos de polen de las familias Aceraceae, Aquifoliaceae, Geraniaceae, Resedaceae, Sabiaceae y Saxifragaceae del Valle de Mexico. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Botanica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politenico Nacional, Plan de Ayala y Carpio, 11340 Mexico DF, Mexico. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400712 Pollen/morphology/Aceraceae/Aquifoliaceae/Geraniaceae/ Resedaceae/Sabiaceae/Saxifragaceae. Arretz, P., Santis, L. d., Guerrero, M. A. and Lamborot, L. (1989) Presence of Aprostocetus daira in Chile. Acta Entomologica Chilena, 15, 275-276. Original title or source: Presencia en Chile de Aprostocetus daira (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Larvae of A. daira were found parasitizing the bee Megachile rotundata in lucerne fields for the first time in Chile in 198485. Details of the taxonomy and biology of this eulophid are given. The parasites remained in diapause as larvae inside bee cells for over 6 months at temperatures of 45C. When M. rotundata cocoons were incubated at 2728 in order to standardize the emergence of the adult bees, the parasites emerged 45 days before the adult male bees and were able to parasitize larval stages of the next generation of bees immediately. In the laboratory, the parasitism rate was between 2 and 5%. D. G. Lowe. Dept. Sanidad Vegetal., Fac. Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Univ. Chile, Casilla 1004, Santiago, Chile. Chile. Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300345 Domestication/Megachile rotundata/Parasitism/by Aprostocetus/ of Megachile rotundata/Aprostocetus/parasites/Chile. Arruda, V. L. V. d. and Sazima, M. (1988) Pollination and reproduction of Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. (Ulmaceae), an anemophilous species. Revista Brasileira de Botanica, 11(1/2), 113-122. In SE Brazil, the commonest flower visitors to a population of this woody, wind-pollinated species were honey bees (Apis mellifera), which acted as pollen thieves. Departmento do Biologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88041 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301256 Celtis/foraging/honey bees/pollen. Artemenko, L. P., Kuz'menko, V. T. and Kostritsa, P. G. (1988) Control of Varroa jacobsoni infestation among honeybees in the Crimea. Veterinariya, Kiev, USSR, 63, 52-55. A programme to control Varroa jacobsoni infestations in the Crimea was carried out between 1981 and 1985. Mildly infested colonies were treated in August, and severely infested colonies in spring and at the end of brood rearing, using phenothiazine, Folbex, thymol, oxalic acid, formic acid and heat treatment. Triple treatment of colonies with oxalic acid during the brood rearing season gave good results. Treatments reduced the level of mite infestation from about 19% to 4% within one season. Veterinarnya Stantsiya, Krymskaya Oblost, USSR. Library code: Ba. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100258 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/control methods/ USSR/Acaricides. Artokhin, K. S. (1984) Bees (Apoidea) the pollinators of lucerne under conditions of intensive seed-setting. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 128, 94-97. In a study in the USSR, in 197982, the commonest bee pollinators of lucerne were Rhophitoides canus (42% of insect foragers), Andrena flavipes (21.5%) and Melitta leporina (13.5%). Five other species of bees together formed 22.7% of the population. D.G. Lowe. All-Union Scientific Res. Inst. Plant Protection, Leningrad, USSR. Library code: Bb. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100053 Pollination/by Apoidea/of Medicago sativa/Apoidea/Medicago sativa/USSR. Arutyunyan, Z. E. and Arutyunyan, G. A. (1989) Morphology of Varroa jacobsoni (Mesostigmata, Varroidae), a parasite of honey bees. Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii, 42(5), 473-480. Inst. Zool., Acad. Sci. Armenian SSR, Yerevan, USSR. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301110 Varroa jacobsoni/morphology. Arzone, A. and Patetta, A. (1988) Studies on the effect of atrazine, captan, cypermethrin, dodine and methomyl on honeybees. Atti XV Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, L'Aquila, 13-17 Giugno 1988., 1031-1038. Original title or source: Esame dell'azione sull'ape di atrazine, captan, cypermethrin (isomeri S 1R-cis- e R 1S-cis-), dodine e methomyl. In ingestion and indirect contact tests with honeybees in the laboratory, the title pesticides were assessed at various concentrations. The herbicide atrazine and the fungicides captan and dodine were not toxic; the insecticides cypermethrin and methomyl were highly toxic in both tests, even at doses lower than recommended application rates. P. Walker. Istituto di Entomologia Agraria & Apicoltura, Univ. Torino, Turin, Italy. Page(s): 1031-1038. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100945 Toxicity/to honeybees/of atrazine/of captan/of cypermethrin/ of dodine/of methomyl/Honeybees/Atrazine/Captan/Cypermethrin/ Dodine/Methomyl/ Apidae/ Hymenoptera/ Nontarget effects/ Pollinators/ Beneficial insects/ Insects/ Insecticides/Conferences/ National Italian Congress of Entomology/Apis/pesticides/ toxicity/Cypermethrin/Methomyl. Arzone, A. and Patetta, A. (1989) Research on the action of azinphos-methyl, diazinon, dithianon, hexythiazox, omethoate and propargite on honeybees. Apicoltore Moderno, 80(6), 253-261. Original title or source: Esame dell'azione sull'ape di azinphos-methyl, diazinon, dithianon, hexythiazox, omethoate e propargite. In laboratory ingestion and indirect contact tests the organophosphates azinphos-methyl, omethoate and diazinon were highly toxic to honeybees. Dithianon, a fungicide, was not toxic on ingestion but highly toxic on contact. It is concluded that if these compounds are applied to flowering crops, even at doses lower than those recommended, they may be very harmful to foraging honeybees. Hexythiazox and propargite (acaricides) were not toxic in these tests. P. Walker. Istituto di Entomologia Agraria e Apicoltura, Univ. Torino, Turin, Italy. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200289 Poisoning/of honeybees/by pesticides/Honeybees/Pesticides/ Toxicity/to honeybees/of azinphos-methyl/of diazinon/of hexythiazox/of omethoate/of dithianon/of propargite/ Azinphos-methyl/Diazinon/Hexythiazox/Omethoate/Dithianon/ Propargite/ Nontarget effects/ Apidae/ Hymenoptera/ Pollinators/ Insects/ Beneficial insects/ Acaricides/ Insecticides/Apis/pesticides/ toxicity/Azinphos-methyl/Omethoate/Diazinon/Hexythiazox/ Propargite. Arzone, A., Dolci, M. and Marletto, F. (1989) Detection of fenoxycarb on mulberry leaves. Apicoltore Moderno, 80(4), 147-152. Original title or source: Rilevamento di fenoxycarb su foglia di gelso. The sudden inability of Bombyx mori to spin cocoons and the mortality of Apis mellifera brood have been attributed to the drift of certain pesticides applied to crops. Fenoxycarb [a juvenile hormone analogue] was identified in washings of mulberry leaves fed to B. mori. This insecticide, which inhibits insect growth, is now used in Italy on a commercial scale against phytophagous Lepidoptera. P. Walker. Istituto di Entomologia Agraria e Apicoltura, Univ. Torino, Turin, Italy. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200294 Morus/leaves/insecticide residues/Poisoning/of honeybees/by fenoxycarb/of silkworms/Honeybees/Silkworms/Fenoxycarb/Italy. Arzone, A. and Patetta, A. (1990) Twenty years of researches on the action of pesticides on honeybees. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Harmonization of Methods for Testing the Toxicity of Pesticides to Bees, May 1518, 1990, Rez near Prague, Czechoslovakia. Dol, Czechoslovakia, Research Institute of Apiculture, 35-40. This summary of 20 years' research on the toxicity of pesticides to honeybees gives results for 28 insecticides, 8 insecticide/acaricides, 6 acaricides, 11 fungicides, 3 fungicide/acaricides, 3 herbicides, 1 food integrator, and 1 attractant compound. The 61 products were tested by ingestion and by indirect contact under laboratory conditions; 9 were also tested in the field; for 6 of them the LD was ascertained. The results show the high toxicity of both insecticides and acaricide/insecticides, and also the hazards of several acaricides and fungicides that are generally considered as selective in action. Author. Istituto Entomologia Agraria e Apicultura, Univ. Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy. Page(s): 35-40. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201373 Toxicity/to honeybees/of pesticides/Honeybees/Pesticides. Arzone, A. and Patetta, A. (1991) Effects of clofentezine, cyfluthrin, fentin acetate, methamidophos and penconazole on the honey bee. Notiziario Sulle Malattie delle Piante, 112, 68-75. Original title or source: Esame dell'azione sull'ape di clofentezine, cyfluthrin, fentin acetato, methamidophos, penconazole. P.Walker. The toxicity of each of the title compounds to honey bees [Apis mellifera] was determined in feeding (F) and indirect contact (C) tests in the laboratory. Clofentezine (an acaricide) was not toxic; cyfluthrin was markedly toxic in F and highly toxic in C; fentin acetate was not toxic in F and slightly toxic in C; methamidophos was highly toxic in both tests; penconazole (a fungicide) was not toxic. Cyfluthrin and methamidophos were tested at doses much lower than those recommended for crop treatment, so they are likely to be dangerous to foraging honey bees when applied to flowering crops. Fentin acetate had a slow but persistent effect. Library code: Ba. Language: It. Author address: Istituto Entomologia Agraria e Apicoltura, Universita degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500639 honey bees/clofentezine/cyfluthrin/fentin acetate/methamidophos/penconazole/toxicity/pest control/chemical control/plant protection/Apis mellifera. Asada, S. (1993) Nesting habitat of Apis cerana japonica in Shonan area of Kanagawa Prefecture. Honeybee Science, 14(4), 165-169. Author. Nest sites in this suburban area were surveyed from 1989 to 1993. Of 16 nest sites, 12 were in tree cavities which varied considerably in shape and size. In some nest sites, a colony remained for a long time, or if the colony absconded the site became occupied by another colony. Two colonies were destroyed by Vespa mandarinia and 6 by people. As the number of natural nest sites decreased, colonies tended to nest at man-made sites, but the bees may disappear from this area as a result of food shortage as well as destruction of nests. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Author address: 1-10-31, Matsunami, Chigasaki-shi, Kanagawa 253, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500789 honey bees/Apis cerana/nests/nesting/Vespa mandarinia/beneficial insects/selection. Asencot, M. and Lensky, Y. (1988) The effect of soluble sugars in stored royal jelly on the differentiation of female honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae to queens. Insect Biochemistry, 18(2), 127-133. The composition of sugars and their level in fresh royal jelly (RJ), worker jelly (WJ) and stored royal jelly (SRJ) were established. The sugar level of RJ removed from cells with 1- to 3-day-old larvae (RJ 13) was about 4 times higher than that of WJ of corresponding age (WJ 13) (12.4 vs. 3.1%), when calculated on the basis of fresh matter. The ratio fructose:glucose (F:G) in RJ 13 (1.43) and in WJ 13 (1.37) was almost equal. The crystals formed in SRJ and analysed by GLC, as well as by optical, polarizing and scanning microscope, were composed of fructose (F), glucose (G) and sucrose (S). The level of F was 83.7% of the total sugar content of crystals. Rearing female honeybee larvae on SRJ supplemented with 198 mg F + 38 mg G/g food, an amount similar to that of SRJ crystals, resulted in the emergence of adults as queens (40%), intercastes (23%) and workers (37%). The importance of availability of soluble sugars vs. solid crystals in the larval food on the induction of 'queenliness' is discussed. Author. Triwaks Bee Res. Center, Fac. Agric., Hebrew Univ., 76 100 Rehovot, Israel. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100147 Honeybees/larvae/caste determination/Royal jelly/sugars/Brood food. Aseo, S. C. and Laude, R. P. (1992) Alkaline phosphatase polymorphism in Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana F. in Laguna, Philippines. Journal of Apicultural Research, 31(1), 46-47. D. G. Lowe. Starch gel electrophoresis was used to study alkaline phosphatases isolated from honey bee foragers (Apis mellifera, A. cerana). Two zones (ALP 1 and ALP 3) of enzymatic activity were found in A. cerana and one zone (ALP 2) in A. mellifera. It is assumed that the 3 zones correspond to 2 loci in A. cerana and a single locus in A. mellifera. A. mellifera showed 2 allozymes, ALP 2F and 2S, with average Rf values of 0.531 and 0.248 respectively. A. cerana showed allozymes ALP 1F and 1S and ALP 3 at average Rf values of 0.201, 0.059 and 0.067 respectively. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400491 Honey bees/alkaline phosphatase/enzyme polymorphism/genetic variation/Apis mellifera/Philippines/Apis cerana. Ashman, T. L. and Stanton, M. (1991) Seasonal variation in pollination dynamics of sexually dimorphic Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata (Malvaceae). Ecology, 72(3), 993-1003. J. M. Gedye. A population of Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata, studied in California, USA, contained both female and hermaphrodite plants. At the beginning of the flowering season only 20% of inflorescences were hermaphrodites but, towards the end of the season, they made up almost 80% of the population. The most frequent hymenopteran visitors were the bees Bombus flavifrons, B. bifarius and Diadasia nigrafrons. Diptera and Lepidoptera also foraged on the flowers. Hermaphrodites produced flowers with significantly larger petals but maintained fewer open flowers per inflorescence than females. Flowers of hermaphrodites produced 50% more nectar sugar in the 24 h after anthesis than the flowers of females. Pollinator visitation rates were influenced more by petal length than by differences in flower number per inflorescence. Female flowers received pollen at a lower rate but remained longer in the receptive phase. These opposing processes resulted in the two morphs receiving equivalent levels of pollination over the whole season. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Botany, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500025 pollination/insects/Apoidea/of Sidalcea/by insects/by Apoidea/Sidalcea/Sidalcea/nectar/Sidalcea/flowers/characteristics. Asis, M. (1988) Hive products: composition and uses of honey, beeswax, pollen, royal jelly, propolis and bee venom. Havana, Cuba, Centro de Informacion y Documentacion Agropecuario. Original title or source: Los productos de la colmena: composicion y uso de la miel, cera, polen, jalea real, propoleo y veneno de las abejas. Page(s): 65 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101303 Honey/Beeswax/Hive products/Books. Asis, M. (1989) Notes on propolis and apitherapy. Noticiero Agropecuario, Cuba(12, Supplement), 2-11. Original title or source: Apuntes sobre un evento de propoleo y apiterapia. This paper, presented at a symposium on apitherapy, Varadero, 29-30 June 1989, reviews the properties and medical uses of propolis. Centro de Informacion y Documentacion Agropecuario, Gaveta Postal 4149, Habana 4, Cuba. Library code: Ba. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300315 Propolis/as hive products/Hive products/medicinal properties. Asis, M. (1989) Granulation of honey: opportunity or hindrance? How can granulated honey be avoided or liquefied? Havana, Cuba, Centro de Informacion y Documentacion Agropecuario. Original title or source: La cristalizacion de la miel de abejas: oportunidad u obstaculo? Como evitarla y licuar las mieles granuladas?. Page(s): 21 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101310 Honey/granulation/liquefaction/ Honey/crystallization/prevention. Asis, M. (1989) Why trap pollen? Havana, Cuba, Centro de Informacion y Documentacion Agropecuario. Original title or source: Que son las trampas de polen?. Page(s): 15 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101355 Pollen trapping. Asis, M. (1989) Propolis: the purple gold of honeybees. Havana, Cuba, Centro de Informacion y Documentacion Agropecuario. Original title or source: Propoleo: el oro purpura de las abejas. Chapter 1 of this book deals briefly with hive products other than propolis honey, beeswax, pollen, royal jelly and bee venom. Chapter 2 describes the composition of propolis, the collection and use of propolis by honeybees, and the harvesting, storage and use of propolis by man. Chapter 3 gives a more detailed account of the biological characteristics of propolis and deals with the quality control of propolis extracts and propolis products. Russian, Hungarian, Bulgarian and Cuban standards on propolis are set out. The final chapter describes uses of propolis in medicine, agriculture and industry. Each chapter concludes with a bibliography, and in total there are 33 pages of references. D. G. Lowe. Centro de Informacion y Documentacion Agropecuario, Calle 13, Havana 12300, Cuba. Page(s): 255 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101350 Propolis/as hive products/Hive products/medicinal properties/ usage/by honeybees/Honeybees/Books. Asperen de Boer, J. R. J. v. (1990) Bombus krusemani a new bumblebee species from Guatemala (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Entomologische Berichten, 50(1), 1-3. Brouwersgracht 54bv, 1013 GX Amsterdam, Netherlands. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300773 Bombus/taxonomy/morphology. Asperen de Boer, J. R. J. v. (1992) Bombus villarricaensis, a new garden bumblebee from southern Chile (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Entomologische Berichten, 52(9), 133-136. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Brouwersgracht 54/1, 1013 GX Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501207 Bombus villarricaensis/new species/Bombus/morphology/taxonomy. Asperen de Boer, J. R. J. v. (1992) Bombus xelajuensis a new species of bumblebee from Guatemala (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Entomologische Berichten, 52(11), 162-164. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Brouwersgracht 54/1, 1013 GX Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501209 Bombus xelajuensis/new species/Bombus/taxonomy/morphology. Asperen de Boer, J. R. J. v. (1993) A note on Bombus rohweri with a description of the queen (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Entomologische Berichten, 53(3), 32-34. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Brouwersgracht 54/1, 1013 GX Amsterdam, Netherlands. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501208 Bombus rohweri/Bombus/queens/morphology. Assil, H. I. and Sporns, P. (1991) ELISA and HPLC methods for analysis of fumagillin and its decomposition products in honey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 39(12), 2206-2213. Author. Two sensitive methods for detection of fumagillin in honey were developed. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method could detect the presence of fumagillin in honey at levels of 100 ppb and was useful to identify decomposition products of fumagillin. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed as an initial screening method for fumagillin with detection levels of at least 20 ppb of fumagillin in honey. Neofumagillin, which could also be detected by ELISA, was identified as the major product of light decomposition of fumagillin in honey. Fumagillin was very stable in honey at high temperatures (stable for at least 35 days at 80C). At the above detection limits, there was no evidence of fumagillin or its breakdown products in any commercial honey examined, including honey samples from a beekeeper who regularly used fumagillin. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Food Science Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. T6G 2P5, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401363 Honey/impurities/fumagillin/Analytical methods/Chromatography/Immunological techniques. Assil, H. I., Sterling, R. and Sporns, P. (1991) Crystal control in processed liquid honey. Journal of Food Science, 56(4), 1034-1037, 1041. P. Walker. A total of 41 liquid processed honeys produced in Alberta, Canada, were studied. All were supersaturated with glucose (30%) and had unexpectedly similar fructose:glucose ratios of about 1.12. The glucose:water ratio was also consistent among these samples. The use of these ratios for prediction of which honeys are likely to crystallize first was therefore not applicable. Crystallization could be delayed by filling retail containers at 45C or above. Honey stored in plastic containers lost more than 1% water during a year's storage, and this might accelerate crystallization. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Food Science Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. T6G 2P5, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501043 honey/storage/glucose/fructose/water content/crystallization/composition/granulation. Assmann-Werthmuller, U., Werthmuller, K. and Molzahn, D. (1991) Cesium contamination of heather honey. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 149(1), 123-129. P. Walker. Cs and Cs contents were determined in the following samples from Luneburger Heide in N. Germany: (A) 26 heather honeys obtained in autumn 1988 (3 samples were comb honey, 3 were later found to be from France); (B) samples of soil and heather, 1988; (C) 10 honeys harvested in 1985 (i.e. before the Chernobyl nuclear accident). Total caesium contents (Bq/kg) were: A (German honeys) 184.6651.1 A (mean 368.0), A (French honeys) 12.940.6; C (Cs) 1040; B (soil), means at 4 locations 19.549.2, B (heather, Calluna vulgaris) 546.51093.7. It is assumed that the high values for German samples in 1988 resulted from radioactive fallout after the Chernobyl accident. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Abteilung fur Bienenzucht, Hessische Landesanstalt fur Tierzucht, 3575 Kirchhain, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401370 Honey/impurities/caesium/radioactivity/Calluna/Germany/ pollution. Atallah, M. A. (1987) Using of modern beekeeping technology in Minia region, Egypt. Zeitschrift fur die Landwirtschaft in den Tropen und Subtropen(29), 171-174. Plant Protection Department, Minia University, El Minia, Egypt. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300452 Beekeeping/Egypt. Atallah, M. A., Aly, F. K. and Eshbah, H. M. (1989) Studies on the major nectar plant sources in relation to honeybee activity in Minia region, Middle Egypt. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 93-99. Honeybee foraging activity, nectar production and nectar sugar concentration were investigated in crops of bean (Vicia faba), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), borage (Borago officinalis), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and dill (Anethum graveolens) growing in Minia, Egypt, in 1984-85. Honeybee visits to bean, coriander, fennel and dill began at about 09.00 h and reached a peak at around 12.0014.00 h when amounts of nectar secreted and nectar sugar concentration were highest. Nectar volume increased with RH, but decreased with temperature; its concentration decreased with RH, but increased with temperature. The potential honey yields, calculated from nectar volume and sugar content, were (kg/feddan/season): coriander, 463, fennel, 453; dill, 397; borage, 339; bean, 74. D. G. Lowe. Plant Protection Dept., Agric. Coll., Minia Univ., Minia, Egypt. Page(s): 93-99. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100876 Nectar plants/Egypt/Vicia faba/culinary herbs/Honeybee forage/ assessment/yield forecasting. Atallah, M. A., Aly, F. K. and Eshbah, H. M. (1989) Pollen gathering activity of worker honeybees, on field crops and medicinal plants in Minia region, Middle Egypt. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 109-115. Pollen foraging by honeybees on bean (Vicia faba), Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum), cotton (Gossypium), maize (Zea mays), borage (Borago officinalis), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), dill (Anethum graveolens) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) was studied in 1984 and 1985 in Minia, Egypt. The amounts and proportions of the pollens collected were assesed by collections from pollen traps on 4 hives, and pollen grain production by the plants was also determined. The most pollen trapped was from Egyptian clover, followed by maize, bean, coriander and least from borage. In terms of pollen production (kg/feddan/day), maize gave the highest yield, followed by bean, Egyptian clover, borage, coriander, cotton, fennel and dill. D. G. Lowe. Plant Protection Dept., Agric. Coll., Minia Univ., Minia, Egypt. Page(s): 109-115. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100847 Foraging/honeybees/pollen/Pollen plants/Egypt/ Honeybees. Atallah, M. A., Zeitoun, Z. A. and Hassan, A. R. (1989) The relative toxicity of some synthetic pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides on worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in the laboratory. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 214-217. Topical applications of 5 concentrations of Decis (deltamethrin), Nurelle (cypermethrin), Cybolt (flucythrinate), Meothrin (fenpropathrin) and Sevin (carbaryl) to the mouthparts or the abdomens of honeybees showed that, generally, Decis was the most toxic and Sevin the least toxic of the insecticides, and that bees were more sensitive to abdominal applications. Oral applications, using the recommended concentrations of the insecticides, revealed the following order of toxicity: Sevin Decis Meothrin Nurelle Cybolt. Tests with residues on glass surfaces showed that Sevin had the longest residual effect (up to 9 days after application), followed by Decis, Cybolt, Meothrin and Nurelle. Egyptian honeybees were more resistant to the insecticides than F hybrid Carniolan, F hybrid Italian and Carniolan honeybees (in that order). D. G. Lowe. Plant Protection Dept., Agric Coll., Minia Univ., Minia, Egypt. Page(s): 214-217. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100940 Poisoning/of honeybees/by carbaryl/by pyrethrins/Honeybees/ Carbaryl/Pyrethrins/Toxicity/to honeybees/of carbaryl/of pyrethrins/ Apidae/ Hymenoptera/ Pollinators/ Insects/ Beneficial insects/ Nontarget effects/Conferences/International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates/Apis mellifera/insecticides/ toxicity/Deltamethrin/Cypermethrin/Flucythrinate/ fenpropathrin/Carbaryl. Atallah, M. A., Zeutoun, Z. A. and Hassan, A. R. (1989) The relative toxicity of some synthethic pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides to honeybees (Apis mellifera L. ) in the field. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 218-223. Small plots of cotton (Gossypium barbadense) growing in Minia, Egypt, were sprayed with Sevin (carbaryl), Decis (deltamethrin), Nurelle (cypermethrin), Cybolt (flucythrinate) and Meothrin (fenpropathrin), and plants from each plot were transferred to cages. Honeybees were introduced to the cages for 6, 12 or 24 h when the insecticide residues had been on the plants for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h (or for up to 7 days in some tests) after spraying. The insecticides could be arranged in the following order of toxicity after 6 h exposure: Nurelle Cybolt Sevin Methrin Decis. After 24 h exposure the order became Nurelle = Meothrin = Sevin Cybolt Decis. Meothrin lost its persistence after 6 days, while Nurelle was still hazardous after 6 days, but the decrease in toxicity for all the insecticides was slow for the first 5 days after spraying. Applications to field plots in which hives were situated showed that the insecticides caused a decrease in foraging in the following order: Nurelle Cybolt Meothrin Decis Sevin. Foraging returned to normal 5 days after spraying. Toxicity in these trials was in the following order: Sevin Meothrin Nurelle Decis Cybolt. D. G. Lowe. Plant Protection Dept., Agric. Coll., Minia Univ., Minia, Egypt. Page(s): 218-223. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100941 Poisoning/of honeybees/by carbaryl/by pyrethrins/Honeybees/ Carbaryl/Pyrethrins/Toxicity/to honeybees/of carbaryl/of pyrethrins/ Cotton/ Fibre plants/ Apidae/ Hymenoptera/ Pollinators/ Insects/ Beneficial insects/ Nontarget effects/Conferences/ International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates/ Apis mellifera/insecticides/toxicity/Carbaryl/Deltamethrin/ Cypermethrin/Flucythrinate/fenpropathrin. Atallah, M. A., Aly, F. K. and Eshbah, H. M. (1989) Comparative morphometrical investigations of the Egyptian, Carniolan and Italian honeybee races in Minia region. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 397-400. A morphometrical study on Egyptian (Apis mellifera lamarckii), Carniolan (A. m. carnica) and Italian (A. m. ligustica) honeybees was conducted in the Minia region of Egypt during 1987. The comparison was made using 13, 13 and 19 biometrical characteristics of virgin queens, drones and workers, respectively. The results showed a similarity in most of the biometrical characteristics between Carniolan and Italian workers, but Egyptian workers differed significantly in 13 morphometrical measurements, especially the length of proboscis, fore and hind wings, corbicula and body weight. Egyptian drones had the largest compound eye width and highest number of hamuli in the hind-wing, but they were smaller than the other drones in 8 characteristics and they were significantly lighter. Only slight morphometrical variations were observed between virgin queens of the studied races. Egyptian queens were significantly lighter than Carniolan and Italian queens. Carniolan queens had wider hind-wings and a shorter abdomen than Italian queens, but there were no significant differences between races in head size, flagellum length, fore-wing length, hind-wing width, cubital index and number of hamuli in the hind-wing. D. G. Lowe. Plant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric., Minia Univ., Minia, Egypt. Page(s): 397-400. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100853 Honeybees/races/Apis mellifera carnica/Apis mellifera ligustica/Apis mellifera lamarckii/biometry. Atim, A. B., Daud, M. N. and Yaakob, A. M. (1986) Relationship of nectar flow on colony development and honey yield of Apis cerana under Hevea brasiliensis in Malaysia. Journal of Natural Rubber Research, 1(3), 176-186. Studies of 3 H. brasiliensis clones in Sungai Buloh, Malaysia, showed that nectar produced by glands on trifoliate leaves was available for about one month, with peak flow occurring during the second and third weeks of March. The volume of nectar flow was negatively correlated with rainfall but there was no correlation between nectar volume and its sugar content. Colonies of A. cerana kept under trees of one of the rubber clones (but not the other 2) showed correlations between numbers of brood, pollen stores, honey yield and new cells. Honey production by bees foraging on the different clones was not significantly different (1.732.97 kg/colony) but it reflected differences in the nectar flows of the clones. J. M. Gedye. Rubber Res. Inst., P.O. Box 10150, 50908 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100203 Nectar/Hevea/Honeybee colonies/development/honey-getting capacity/Apis cerana/honey/production. Atim, A. B. and Yaakob, A. M. (1989) Nectar dynamics of Hevea brasiliensis and its application to beekeeping management under rubber in Malaysia. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 249-258. The petiolar nectary glands of H. brasiliensis are described and anatomical details revealed by light and electron microscopy are illustrated. All the 1-year-old seedlings studied produced very small amounts of nectar and production was not significantly different between the 10 clones studied. Analysis of nectar flow from older, tapped trees indicated that there were no significant differences between the clones RRIM 701, RRIM 600 and PR 255 in the amount of nectar produced per season, but the mean nectar volume per leaflet was higher in RRIM 701 than in the other 2 clones. Untapped RRIM 600 produced a significantly higher volume of nectar than tapped RRIM 600, but there was no significant difference in sugar content. At hive densities of 4, 8, 16 and 32 hives per 0.4 ha, the total yield of Hevea honey was 1.5, 2.6, 11.6 and 13.0 kg respectively. Rainfall reduced yields by restricting honeybee foraging activity and washing nectar droplets from the leaves. Beekeeping management practices in relation to nectar phenology of Hevea clones is discussed. D. G. Lowe. Crop Protection & Microbiology Div., RRIES, 4700 g Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. Malaysia. Page(s): 249-258. Library code: Bde. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100881 Nectar/secretion/yield/Hevea/Nectaries/Honey/production/ Beekeeping/management/ Beekeeping/Malaysia/Hevea brasiliensis/nectar/secretion/ phenology/Conferences/Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Atkinson, J. H. (1991) The avoidance of diploid drones in closed population honeybee breeding. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 58, 185-190. In contrast to other honey bee (Apis mellifera) breeding systems, those systems dependent on identification of the sex-determining alleles need to minimize, instead of maximize the number of alleles. The minimum practicable number is 4, giving 6 possible genotypes at the sex-determining locus. A system is proposed using 4 of these genotypes to enable the diploid brood of all field queens to be entirely free of diploid drones whether or not any appreciable degree of inbreeding is used. J. H. Atkinson. Hafod House, Ystrad Meurig, Dyfed SY25 6AD, UK. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300949 Breeding/honey bees/Drone honey bees/diploidy/genes/sex determination. Atkinson, J. H. (1991) Identification of genotype at the sex-determining locus in the honeybee. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 58, 175-183. The 3 levels of diploid drone honey bee (Apis mellifera) production possible when a queen mates with the drones of one queen only (expressed as 3 levels of brood viability) are shown, subject to several stringent precautions, to be capable of individual recognition. The 3 levels are used to show that it is feasible to identify the sex alleles. Two appendixes concerning brood assessment and further genotype identification are presented. J. H. Atkinson. Hafod House, Ystrad Meurig, Dyfed SY25 6AD, UK. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300896 Drone honey bees/honey bee brood/viability/diploidy/Honey bees/genes/sex determination. Atmowidjojo, A. H. and Adisoemarto, S. (1986) Potential pollen-transferring insects of Indigofera spp. Treubia, 29(3), 225-235. Visits by 14 species of insects to 4 species of Indigofera were recorded. Based on the distribution of pollen on the body surface, the bee Nomia quadridentata was the most effective pollinator. The other bee species observed were Apis cerana indica, Megachile conjuncta, Trigona itama, Amegilla sp., Ceratina smaragdina and Xylocopa confusa. Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, LBN, LIPI, Indonesia. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300756 Pollination/by Apoidea/of Indigofera/Apoidea/Indigofera. Atwal, A. S. (1987) Performance and prospects of Apis mellifera L. (Apidae: Hymenoptera) in the Indo-Gangetic plains [India]. Indian Journal of Ecology, 14(1), 92-101. The introduction of A. mellifera into Punjab and Himachal Pradesh during the 1960s, and its successful establishment in the following decade, are described. Since 1985, A. mellifera has replaced A. cerana in many areas where the latter has been wiped out by Thai sac brood disease. The experiences of 2 successful beekeepers in the Punjab plains are described in some detail, and the prospects for A. mellifera beekeeping in the Himalayan region and the Indo-Gangetic plains are assessed. Punjab State Planning Board, Chandigarh, India. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301218 Beekeeping/India/Apis mellifera. Auguste, P., Hugues, M. and Lazdunski, M. (1989) Polypeptide constitution of receptors for apamin, a neurotoxin which blocks a class of Ca-activated K channels. FEBS Letters, 248(1/2), 150-154. Affinity labelling experiments with different azido-I-apamine derivatives were carried out to identify polypeptide components of the apamine-sensitive Ca-activated K channel in brain and pheochromocytoma cell membranes. Different polypeptides were labelled with different apamine derivatives. The major component has a molecular mass of about 30 kDa but other components at 45, 58 and 86 kDa were also identified. Results obtained with rat brain membranes and with pheochromocytoma cells were not exactly identical and suggest that there are sub-types of apamine receptors. Author. Centre Biochimie, CNRS, Parc Valrose, 06034 Nice Cedex, France. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100672 Honeybee venom/apamine/properties/Cell membranes/effects. Auguste, P., Hugues, M., Mourre, C., Moinier, D., Tartar, A. and Lazdunski, M. (1992) Scyllatoxin a blocker of Ca-activated K channels: structure-function relationships and brain localization of the binding sites. Biochemistry (Washington), 31(3), 648-654. Binding sites for apamine in rat brain membranes were associated with scyllatoxin binding sites. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500344 rats/brain/apamin/binding site/honey bee venom. Aversa, S. (1989) Beekeeping in the Central African Republic. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 333-338. Page(s): 333-338. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100809 Beekeeping/Central African Republic/Agricultural planning/ developing countries. Avila, C. J., Martinho, M. R. and Lima, J. O. G. d. (1989) Time of effective pollination in fields producing hybrid seed of squash (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 18(Supplement), 23-32. Original title or source: Horario de polinizacao efetiva em campo de producao de sementes hibridas de abobora (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo). Studies were carried out in Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 1986 to determine the time between anthesis and flower closing of squash (Curcurbita pepo var. melopepo) in which effective pollination occurs. Natural pollination was completed at about 06.45 h. Apis mellifera was the most abundant insect pollinator in the morning, followed by Trigona spinipes and the chrysomelid Diabrotica speciosa. The average weight of 100 seeds was lower in the treatments where the flowers were exposed in early morning than in the treatments where the flowers were exposed from 06.45 and/or 08.00 h. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, 36570 Vicosa, MG Brazil. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300696 Pollination/by honey bees/of Cucurbita pepo/by Trigona/Honey bees/Trigona/Cucurbita pepo. Avila, C. J., Martinho, M. R. and Campos, J. P. d. (1989) Pollination and pollinators in the production of fruits and hybrid seeds of squash (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 18(1), 13-19. Original title or source: Polinizacao e polinizadores na producao de frutos e sementes hibridas de abobora (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo). On plots of flowering squash plants in Minas Gerais, Brazil, the most numerous flower visitors were the bees Apis mellifera and Trigona spinipes. No fruit was set on plants caged to exclude insects. Hand-pollination produced as many fruits/plant as open pollination (i.e. by insects) but the latter resulted in more seeds/plant. P. Walker. Library code: Ba. Language: Pt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300699 Pollination/by honey bees/of Cucurbita pepo/by Trigona/Honey bees/Trigona/Cucurbita pepo. Avila Alexandre, C., Ruiz-Atienza-Ruiz, L. and Balaguer Pascual, V. (1990) Pesticide residues in honey. Vida Apicola(44), 14-17. Original title or source: Residuos de plaguicidas en la miel. Twenty-one Spanish honeys were examined for the presence of 7 pesticides. The following were not detected in any of the honeys: amitraz, bromopropylate, fluvalinate, tetradifon. However, coumaphos was found in 14 samples (max. 0.010 mg/kg), ethion in 10 (max. almost 0.005 mg/kg) and thiaxolin in 6 (max. 0.012 mg/kg). Only 2 honeys had no detectable residues. P. Walker. Spain. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301018 Honey/pesticide residues/Spain. Avila Alexandre, C., Miralles del Pozo, L., Vallbuena Donoso, R., Fernandez Garcia, I. and Donoso Vallbuena, I. (1991) Hygiene control of honey: study of chemical and microbiological parameters. Vida Apicola(49), 61-66. Original title or source: Control sanitario de la miel: estudio de parametros quimicos y microbiologicos. D. G. Lowe. Results for the analysis of 35 samples of Spanish honey are given. Microorganisms tested for were aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, coliform bacteria (total), Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella and moulds. Chemical analyses were used to determine the contents of water, minerals, insoluble solids, free acidity, HMF, reducing sugars and sucrose. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400246 Honey/composition/Spain/contamination/microorganisms/ Honey/contamination/Spain/microorganisms. Ayanian, A. E. (1987) Isolation of phospholipase A from venom. Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii, 40(5), 351-358. The procedure of isolation of phospholipase A from various snake venoms and Apis mellifera venom is described. Aminoglass with immobilized phospholipid is applied as a biospecific support. The purity of the isolated phospholipase is controlled by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectrofocusing, determination of the N-terminal amino acid and amino acid analysis. Author. Inst. Biochemistry, Acad. Sci. Armenian SSR, Sevag str. 5/1, Yerevan 375044, USSR. Library code: Bb. Language: Armenian. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200360 Honeybee venom/phospholipase A/purification. Ayasse, M., Engels, W., Hefetz, A., Lubke, G. and Francke, W. (1990) Ontogenetic patterns in amounts and proportions of Dufour's gland volatile secretions in virgin and nesting queens of Lasioglossum malachurum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, C., 45, 709-714. L. malachurum queens were collected from a large nesting aggregation near Tubingen, Germany. To obtain young virgin queens (gynes), nests were excavated in July and female pupae were taken to the laboratory. The adults that emerged were fed for 37 days on honey and pollen. Dufour's glands from individual queens were extracted with pentane and 66 volatile compounds in the extracts were identified by GC. The amounts and proportions of the compounds in the extracts varied; 3-methyl-3-butenyl octadecanoate was the main component in gynes, while 18-octadecanolide, 20-eicosanolide and 22-docosanolide largely dominated the extracts from old queens. The probable roles of some specific compounds in communication and in nest recognition are discussed. Correlations with the volume of the fat body and the vitellogenic status of the ovary are described. D. G. Lowe. Zoologisches Inst. der Univ., Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 7400 Tubingen, German Federal Republic. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300085 Lasioglossum/females/Dufour's gland/secretions/age/effects/ pheromones/ovaries/fat body. Ayasse, M., Leys, R., Pamilo, P. and Tengo, J. (1990) Kinship in communally nesting Andrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) bees is indicated by composition of Dufour's gland secretions. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 18(6), 453-460. The Dufour's gland secretions and enzyme patterns of Andrena ferox and A. jacobi were compared. Bees were taken from a large aggregation of A. ferox nests near Nijmegen, Netherlands, and from 2 populations of A. jacobi on the island of Oland, Sweden. In A. ferox, the relative amounts of Dufour's gland compounds in virgin females differed between colonies, but this was not so in females performing nesting activities. Virgin and mated females differed greatly in the composition and quantity of their Dufour's gland secretions. In A. jacobi, differences were found between bees from different nest patches and between the 2 populations studied. No genetic variation was found in 13 recognizable enzyme loci in A. ferox and 28 in A. jacobi. P. Walker. Department of Developmental Biology, University of Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 7400 Tubingen, Germany. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300386 Andrena/Dufour's gland/secretions/enzymes/genetic variation/ Relationships/kinship. Ayasse, M. (1990) Visual and olfactory signals involved in nest-finding of Lasioglossum malachurum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Apidologie, 21(4), 349-351. Original title or source: [Summary]. Lasioglossum malachurum nests in the ground in aggregations of thousands of colonies. A study of how a returning bee locates its nest showed that the bee uses landmarks to locate the nest entrance, and that close range orientation is probably based on olfactory cues in the entrance tunnel. The cues may be provided by secretions from the Dufour's gland, which is known to be well developed in this species. P. Walker. Lehrstuhl Entwicklungsphiologie, Zoologisches Inst., Univ. Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 7400 Tubingen, German Federal Republic. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200815 Lasioglossum/nests/orientation/Dufour's gland/Senses/smell/ vision. Ayasse, M., Leys, R., Pamilo, P. and Tengo, J. (1990) Kinship in communally nesting Andrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) bees is indicated by composition of Dufour's gland secretions. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 18(6), 453-460. J. M. Gedye. Females of Andrena ferox and A. jacobi were analysed to detect differences in Dufour's gland compounds and enzyme patterns between different nests, nest patches and populations. Between colonies of A. ferox, virgin females differed in the relative amounts of Dufour's gland compounds but females performing nesting activities did not. In A. jacobi there was a difference between nest patches and 2 investigated populations. Virgin and mated females of A. ferox showed large differences in composition and quantity of Dufour's gland compounds. In A. ferox 13, and in A. jacobi 28, recognizable enzyme loci did not show any genetic variation. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Developmental Biology, University of Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 7400 Tubingen, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400768 Andrena/females/Dufour's gland/secretions/enzymes/genetic variation/Relationships/kinship. Ayasse, M. (1991) Chemical communication in the primitively eusocial sweat bee Lasioglossum malachurum: ontogenesis of caste-specific odour, mating biology and nest recognition, Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Tubingen, Germany. Original title or source: Chemische Kommunikation bei der primitiv eusozialen Furchenbiene Lasioglossum malachurum (Halictidae): Ontogenese kastenspezifischer Duftstoffbouquets, Paarungsbiologie und Nesterkennung. P. Walker. A total of 98 volatile compounds were identified in extracts of the Dufour's gland and of the head, and in ether washings of whole body cuticle. The compounds present, and their amounts, varied with age and caste of the bees, and with their nest site. Total amounts of volatiles in head space samples of attractive, virgin queens were higher than for mated queens or males. After mating, the amount of isopentenyl esters decreased; this suggests that the compounds attract males and may serve as releasers of mating behaviour. Volatiles released by males during mating prevent further attempts by conspecific males. Queens, guard workers and foraging workers were distinguishable by their hydrocarbon patterns. A female returning to her nest locates the site by landmark orientation and then recognizes her own nest entrance by odour. It seems likely that all the volatiles are used in nest recognition. The duration of 600 foraging flights were recorded; flight length was significantly shorter for queens than for foragers, but it varied greatly between years, nest sites and colonies. Page(s): x + 228 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: De. Author address: Fakultat fur Biologie, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Tubingen, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400423 Lasioglossum/communication/by smell/Smell/mating/orientation/ flight/castes/age/effects/Theses. Ayers, G. S., Wroblewska, A. and Hoopingarner, R. A. (1991) Perennial diversionary planting designed to reduce pesticide mortality of honey bees in apple orchards. American Bee Journal, 131(4), 247-252. Honey bees may be poisoned by foraging on flowering plants in apple orchards where the fruit is sprayed 57 times during the summer. In Michigan, USA, where Trifolium repens is the species mainly responsible for such poisoning, plots of 9 other summer-flowering species were planted near an orchard to provide a succession of flowers during the T. repens flowering period. Throughout, the diversionary planting attracted more bees then the T. repens in the orchard; in mid-June, and again in mid-July, bees collected 100 times more nectar from the plots than from T. repens in the orchard. In early July the ratio fell to 1.6. The species used were Scrophularia nodosa, Leonurus cardiaca, Ascelepias tuberosa, A. syriaca, Agastache rugosa, Nepeta cataria, Pycnanthenum pilosum, Echinops ritro and E. sphaerocephalus. Considerably fewer bees visited the last species than would be indicated by the regression line determined for foraging bees vs. nectar sugar. It is suggested that this may have been due to the limited space on the individual flower heads. P. Walker. Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300285 Poisoning/of honey bees/prevention/Honey bees/Malus pumila/ pesticides/usage/Honey bee forage/planting. Ayers, G. S. (1992) Exploring the economics of planting for bees. American Bee Journal, 132(7), 443-446. P. Walker. In evaluating whether planting bee forage would be profitable, a beekeeper must first assess the forage already available locally; if there are significant gaps in nectar flows (or pollen if needed), planting may be worthwhile. In general, sideline and hobby beekeepers are more likely to consider planting (commercial beekeepers usually choose apiary sites with sufficient forage). Perennial plants require less maintenance than annuals and so would be preferable. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400548 Honey bee forage/planting. Ayers, G. S. (1993) Reconsidering the basswoods. American Bee Journal, 133(3;5;7;9), 173-175;337-340;491-493;641-644. P. Walker. Basswood (or lime) trees (Tilia spp.) can be excellent nectar sources, but they have several disadvantages, including: (A) they may not flower until 515 yr old; (B) the short flowering period does not always coincide with large honey bee colony populations; (C) trees do not flower consistently every year. Some solutions are suggested in Part II which considers native species in the USA. In parts III and IV, the species found in Europe and Asia are discussed, and those that are good nectar sources are compared with USA species. A collection of Tilia species is being grown in Michigan and their progress is reported. Finally, advice is given on how to obtain trees, and the available species are listed with brief descriptions. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500573 nectar plants/Tilia/USA. Ayers, G. S., Kiehn, F. and Davidson, C. (1994) Potential bee forage at the Agriculture Canada Morden Research Station. Part I: Two experimental essential oil crops that might also have the potential for supplying exceptional bee forage. American Bee Journal, 134(1), 31-33. D. G. Lowe. A planting of Agastache sp. at the research station was very actively worked by honey bees; its nectar contained 0.30-0.90 mg sugar/floret (average 0.54 mg/floret). A variety of Monarda sp. was also actively foraged on by bees, despite its long nectar tube. The flowers secreted between 2.2 and 2.5 mg sugar/floret. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501322 essential oil plants/nectar/sugars/nectar plants/Agastache/Monarda/secretion/yield. Ayers, G. S., Davidson, C. and Kiehn, F. (1994) Potential bee forage at the Agriculture Canada Morden Research Station. Part II: Selected woody material. American Bee Journal, 134(3), 191-194. P. Walker. Several Tilia species and cultivars have been evaluated. T. cordata cv. Morden flowered first when 4-6 years old (much sooner than most Tilia) and then flowered consistently each year. In 1990, the average nectar sugar content was 2.08 mg/flower in young experimental trees (range 0.52 to 7.48) and 1.93 mg/flower in an older tree. The trees had many flowers which were visited by a large number of bees. Nectar sugar production was higher in certain T. mongolica trees that received some irrigation and fertilizing (av. 3.70 mg/flower) than in the same species in the experimental planting (av. 1.77 mg/flower). Some Potentilla fructicosa cultivars are also being evaluated at the Research Station where they attract many honey bees and other insects, although in commercial landscaping this shrub rarely attracts bees. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501323 Tilia cordata/Morden/Tilia mongolica/Potentilla fruticosa/nectar plants/Tilia/Potentilla/nectar/secretion/yields/forest trees/Tilia. Azuma, H. (1992) The acaricide Mitsubishi Apistan. Honeybee Science, 13(3), 115-119. Author. The Apistan strips described are plastic strips impregnated with fluvalinate which can be used to treat varroa-infested honey bee colonies during the brood-rearing period. Each hive is treated with 2 strips for 6 weeks: one strip is hung between frames 3 and 4 and one between frames 7 and 8 of the brood chamber. Treatment in spring and autumn is recommended. Library code: Bj. Language: Ja. Author address: Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation Research Centre, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 227, Japan. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401302 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/control methods/Fluvalinate. Baader, A. (1989) Sensitivity of ocellar interneurons of the honeybee to constant and temporally modulated light. Journal of Neurobiology, 20(6), 519-529. Sinusoidally modulated and discrete light pulses, the parameters of which approximated natural light conditions, were used to determine the response characteristics of ocellar first-order interneurons of the worker honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica). Large ocellar interneurons which terminate within the brain (L neurons) were recorded from intracellularly and were identified visually after dye injection. Absolute sensitivity of L neurons to light flashes ranged from 4 10 quanta/cm.s (Q) to 1 10 Q. The strongest response was given by one group of median ocellar neurons. With constant light around 10 Q, most L neurons exhibited oscillatory hyperpolarizations which, upon increasing the stimulus to even higher intensities (1010 Q), gradually evolved to a hyperpolarized plateau. The frequency of these oscillatory voltage fluctuations increased with the rate of modulation of the stimulating light and reached maximum values at 515 Hz modulation frequency. The possible role of L neurons is discussed. They may be inactivated when the bee is flying in bright sunlight. Author. Institut fur Tierphysiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Str. 28/30, 1000 Berlin 31, Germany. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300882 Worker honey bees/ocelli/neurons/electrophysiology/brain/ senses/light. Baal, T., Denker, B., Muhlen, W., Popp, M., Riedel, V. and Surholt, B. (1991) Physiological, ethological and ecological questions on the death of insects visiting late flowering lime trees. Apidologie, 22(4), 430-432. Original title or source: [Summary]. Earlier publications have attributed the death of bees [honey bees and bumble bees] foraging on certain lime species to the presence of mannose in the nectar, although the presence of mannose was not proved. In 1990, dead bees were found under Tilia tomentosa and T. euchlora trees (up to 200 dead insects/tree daily). Nectar samples from these trees were analysed by a GLC method developed for the detection of mannose, but mannose was not found. P. Walker. Institut fur Zoophysiologie und Institut fur angewandte Botanik, Universitat Munster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 4400 Munster, Germany. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300560 Poisoning/of honey bees/by nectar/Honey bees/Nectar/Tilia/ mannose. Baal, T., Denker, B., Muhlen, W., Reidel, V. and Surholt, B. (1992) Composition of sugars present in the organism of bumble bees foraging on lime tree flowers. Apidologie, 23(4), 333-335. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Bumble bees (65) were collected underneath flowering silver lime trees [Tilia tomentosa]; they were still alive but unable to fly. In analyses of their digestive tracts, abdomens, heads and thoraces, no mannose (or any other toxic mono- or disaccharides) were detected. No ill effects were observed in experimental groups of male Bombus terrestris fed with nectar from lime trees under which dead bees were found. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Author address: Institut fur Zoophysiologie, Universitat Munster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 4400 Munster, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400404 Poisoning/of Bombus/by Tilia/Bombus/Tilia/mannose. Baal, T. and Surholt, B. (1993) A newly-developed system to measure flight activity and food intake in a bumble bee colony (Bombus terrestris L.). Apidologie, 24(5), 521-523. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. A hive entrance apparatus was designed for automatic registration of the flight activity and food intake of a B. terrestris colony. Preliminary results in a small laboratory colony, with access to the outside where there was a supply of food, were: (A) flights/min, 0.28; (B) weight (mg) of food carried/bee flight, 67.4; (C) food intake within the colony (mg/min), 17.8. The colony was then put outside under Tilia tomentosa trees just starting to flower. During the first 5 days, results were similar: A 0.38; B, 63.9; C, 23.5; but on the sixth day values decreased sharply: A, 0.05; B, 28.6; C, 1.3. Bee mortality also increased. Results were similar on the following days, but when syrup was placed in the trees, values increased after approximately 20 min to 0.19, 54 and 10.3, respectively. This study shows that nectar and pollen may be in short supply in areas with this lime species. Library code: Bj. Language: En\De\Fr. Author address: Inst. fur Zoophysiologie, Universitat Munster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 4400 Munster, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501214 beneficial insects/Tilia tomentosa/mortality/nectar/pollen/foraging/Bombus/laboratory methods/field experimentation/food intake. Baatsen, P. H. W. W., Trombitas, K. and Pollack, G. H. (1988) Thick filaments of striated muscle are laterally interconnected. Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research, 98, 267-280. Earlier reports have indicated that thick filaments may be interconnected along their length by rung-like structures. This study was carried out to test whether these interconnections are genuine structures; whether they appear in different muscle types; and whether they arise from myosin cross-bridges. Studies were made of Apis mellifera and Lethocerus (water bug) flight muscles, and frog heart and rabbit psoas muscles. Ultrastructure was examined with freeze-fracture, with conventionally prepared thin sections, and with negative stain. All 3 methods showed rung-like interconnections between thick filaments. The interconnections spanned the length of the cross-bridge zone, i.e., along all but the central bare zone of the thick filament. They were observed consistently in relaxed, activated and rigor states. Potential artifacts that might cause apparent interconnections were investigated but there was no source of artifact common to all methods. The nature of the interconnections is discussed. Author. Center Bioengineering, WD-12, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200510 Honeybees/muscles. Babu, G. V. S., Bhatt, S. C. and Pandeya, S. C. (1987) Pollination ecology of Solanum sysimbrifolium Lamk. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Plant Sciences, 97(4), 295-300. The flowers of Solanum sysimbrifolium growing along roadsides and in waste places in India were borne on simple bractless cymes with up to 13 flowers per inflorescence. They were generally hermaphrodite but in some cases distal flowers were found to be female-sterile. Complete male inflorescences occasionally occurred. The main floral visitors were the bees Xylocopa fenestrata, X. pubescens and Anthophora confusa, which collected pollen. Peak foraging time was 06.3009.30 h. Successful pollination was carried out only by X. fenestrata and X. pubescens. The smaller A. confusa did not have any contact with the stigma when collecting pollen. J. M. Gedye. Land Resources Div., Remote Sensing Area, Space Application Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad 380 053, India. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201155 Pollination/by Xylocopa/of Solanum/Xylocopa/Solanum/foraging/ Anthophora/pollen. Babu, S. C. and Hallam, A. (1989) Environmental pollution from pest control, integrated pest management and pesticide regulation policies. Journal of Environmental Management, 29(4), 377-389. A model for dynamically optimal socially acceptable pest control is developed, considering the cost to future generations of polluting the environment by chemical pest control today. In relation to the damage done to honey bees [Apis mellifera] by pesticides, a honey production subsystem is discussed. Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300819 Pest control/Pollution/Mathematical models/Poisoning/of honey bees/by pesticides/Honey bees/Pesticides. Bachvarova, D., Demirev, P., Mollova, N. and Blagoeva, Y. (1988) Mass spectral method for determination of insecticide residues in complex organic mixtures. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie Bulgare des Sciences, 41(11), 75-77. The mass-spectrometric method for the determination of the acaricide coumaphos which is described is claimed to be more sensitive than GC or GC/MS; the limit of detection for honey samples spiked with coumaphos was 0.02 ppm. The method was also tested on 4 honey samples from colonies that had been treated with coumaphos; contents ranged from 0.04 to 0.07 ppm. P. Walker. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300625 Honey/pesticide residues/coumaphos/Analytical methods/Mass spectrometry. Bacilek, J., Marek, M. and Jary, J. (1989) Determination of sucrose in honey. Czech Patent(CS 257 566), 4. A colorimetric method is described. Language: Cs. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300620 Honey/composition/sucrose/Analytical methods/colorimetry/ Patents. Bacilek, J., Marek, M. and Jary, J. (1989) Analytical set for the field determining sucrose in honey. Proceedings of the XXXIst Congress of Apiculture, Warsaw, Poland, August 19-25, 1987. Bucharest, Romania, Apimondia Publishing House, 418-420. The colorimetric method described involves comparing a 1% honey solution with sucrose standards. The honey or standard sucrose solution (0.1 ml) is pipetted into a test tube, 0.10.2 ml potassium hydroxide solution (30%) is added and heated to 100C for 10 minutes, then cooled; 0.5 ml anthrone solution (0.6%), and 0.5 ml concentrated sulphuric acid are then added and the mixture is heated to 40 for 10 minutes. The optical density of the blue-green solution can be measured at 620 nm, or test solutions can be compared with standard solutions. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 418-420. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100958 Honey/composition/sucrose/Analytical methods/Colorimetry/ Sucrose/determination/honey/colorimetry. Bacilek, J. (1990) Peroral and contact toxicity of coumaphos, fluvalinate and amitraz. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Harmonization of Methods for Testing the Toxicity of Pesticides to Bees, May 1518, 1990, Rez near Prague, Czechoslovakia. Dol, Czechoslovakia, Research Institute of Apiculture, 92-96. Feeding tests indicated that honeybees were most tolerant to fluvalinate and least to amitraz. After 16 days, the mortality of bees fed with sugar containing (for the first 4 days) fluvalinate, coumaphos (160 ppm), coumaphos (800 ppm) and amitraz was 10.6, 24.5, 27.5 and 57.2%, respectively; mortality of controls (sugar only) was 8.5%. In contact tests, honeybees were least affected by coumaphos. Amitraz, fluvalinate and coumaphos began to cause mortality at concentrations of 214, 107 and 686 g/1000 cm respectively. The possible maximal concentrations of these substances on surfaces in hives after treatment are 125, 20 and 800 g/1000 cm, respectively, thus it is important not to exceed recommended dosage rates. D. G. Lowe. Res. Inst. Apiculture, Dol, 25266 Libcice nad Vltavou, Czechoslovakia. Page(s): 92-96. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201383 Toxicity/to honeybees/of coumaphos/of amitraz/of fluvalinate/ Honeybees/Coumaphos/Amitraz/Fluvalinate. Backhaus, W., Menzel, R. and Kreissl, S. (1987) Multidimensional scaling of color similarity in bees. Biological Cybernetics, 56, 293-304. Multiple-choice tests were made with free-flying honeybees trained to a colour signal. The choice proportions were analysed by metric and non-metric multidimensional scaling. The light reflected from the 12 colour signals used differed in spectral composition, intensity, and the proportion of white light. Only 2 scales were necessary to reconstruct the experimental data. The interpretation of the scale values by Helmholtz co-ordinates, derived from the chromaticity diagram for bees, showed that the main perceptual parameters are hue and saturation (or blue/greenness and UV/blue-greenness, respectively). Brightness was ignored by the bees in this choice situation. Author. Inst. Tierphysiologie & Neurobiologie, Freie Univ., Konigin-Luise-Str. 28-30, D-1000 Berlin 33, German Federal Republic. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100127 Honeybees/senses/vision/colours. Backhaus, W. (1991) Color opponent coding in the visual system of the honeybee. Vision Research, 31(7/8), 1381-1397. Author. A model is presented for the colour vision system of the honey bee, which takes the nonlinear phototransduction process in the photoreceptors into account and assumes linear computations of the excitations of the photoreceptors. The model parameters are derived by a least squares fit of the scale values determined by multidimensional scaling analysis of the results of colour choice experiments to the excitation values of two hypothetical spectral antagonistic coding cells. The psychophysical scale values are interpreted physiologically. Furthermore, a colour difference formula is presented which is based on the colour opponent coding (COC) model. The model explains quantitatively (1) the sensitivity of spectral antagonistic neurons measured by Kien and Menzel (1977; Journal of Comparative Physiology 113, 17-34, 35-53), (2) the colour discrimination function measured by von Helversen (1972; Journal of Comparative Physiology, 80 439-472). The following predictions are derived from the model: (1) excitation/log (I) curves of the spectral antagonistic neurons; and from the model in conjunction with the colour difference formula: (2) intensity-dependent colour shifts (Bezold-Brucke effect); (3) the intensity dependence of wavelength discrimination. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise Str. 28-30, 1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500141 senses/honey bees/vision/colour/mathematical models. Backhaus, W. (1992) Color vision in honeybees. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 16(1), 1-12. Author. Theoretical and experimental investigations of the colour vision system in honey bees are reviewed, with 63 references. Grassmann's model and receptor models of colour vision are discussed with respect to the problem of colour difference. A recent analysis of the honey bee's colour opponent coding system is presented in brief. Predictions for the spectral sensitivity of colour opponent coding neurons derived directly from the colour opponent coding (COC) model and predictions for the Bezold-Brucke colour shift and the spectral discrimination function derived from the model via colour difference formulae are presented. The predictions are compared with electrophysiological data and with the choice proportions of behavioural experiments, respectively. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise Str. 28-30, 1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500149 senses/honey bees/vision/colour/mathematical models. Backhaus, W. (1993) Color vision and color choice behavior of the honey bee. Apidologie, 24(3), 309-331. P. Walker. This review, with 48 references, covers current research (mainly on Apis mellifera) on the theory of colour vision and on colour choice behaviour in honey bees. A complete neuronal interpretation of colour theory is included, and extensions to it are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Str. 28-30, 1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500494 senses/honey bees/vision/colour/reviews. Badei, A. Z. M. and Shawer, M. B. (1990) Retardation of honey granulation by heat treatment. Egyptian Journal of Food Science, 18(1-3), 221-231. P. Walker. Tests were carried out with samples of clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) honey with an initial water content of 19.9%. Chemical composition and physical properties were determined before testing and after heat treatment for 30 min at 55, 65, 75 or 85C (in a water bath). Honey treated at 55 granulated after storage at 5 for 1 week, but samples teated at 75 or 85 did not granulate until the third week of storage. Heating reduced the contents of water, proteins, ash, non-reducing sugars and ascorbic acid. Dark coloration developed as the temperature increased, so 75 is preferred to 85. Certain unstable volatiles in the honey aroma were destroyed by heating. The treatment actually increased the number of compounds present in the aroma, but this developed a 'cooked'character and became less pleasant. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400978 Honey/granulation/Trifolium/heating/aroma/composition/ Honey/heating/composition/crystallization. Badii, M. H. and Flores S, A. E. (1987) Detection of acarine disease [Acarapis woodi] in honeybees in Chiapas [Mexico], with a review of the disease in Apis mellifera. Publicacion Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 2(2), 1-10. Original title or source: Deteccion de acariosis en abejas en Chiapas, con una revision de la enfermedad en Apis mellifera L., (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Library code: Bc. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200616 Pests/of honeybees/Acarapis woodi/Honeybees/Mexico. Badiyala, S. D. and Garg, R. (1990) Studies on the pollination and fruit production by Apis mellifera L. in seven cultivars of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Indian Bee Journal, 52(1-4), 28-30. P. Walker. Four A. mellifera colonies were introduced to a litchi orchard in Himachal Pradesh, India, at the start of flowering. Honey bees visited the flowers, especially in the morning (09.3011.30 h), and less actively from 15.00 to 17.00 h. A few Vespa basalis and hoverflies were also observed. Fruit set in inflorescences accessible to insects was 23 times greater than in bagged inflorescences; fruits/inflorescence and fruit weight were also greater. Results varied between the different cultivars. The introduction of A. mellifera colonies to litchi orchards is strongly recommended. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Litchi and Mango Research Station, Niagroto Bagwan, Distt. Kangra (H.P.) 176 047, India. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501102 honey bees/Apis mellifera/Litchi chinensis/pollinators/Vespa basalis/Syrphidae/beneficial insects/pollination/of Litchi/by honey bees/Litchi. Bagnara, D. and Vincent, C. (1988) The role of insect pollination and plant genotype in strawberry fruit set and fertility. Journal of Horticultural Science, 63(1), 69-75. The pollinating activity of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and other insects was determined for 8 strawberry cultivars (Fragaria ananassa). The experimental plots were in a field with 3 hives/ha. The percentage of poorly pollinated fruit on plants growing in isolating cages was not related to stamen height or to the ratio between stamen and receptacle heights. Open pollination decreased the percentage of poorly pollinated fruits and increased the number of fruits set, but there was no correlation between the increase in pollination and the frequency of insect visits. A sizeable cultivar-specific percentage of poorly pollinated fruit found in open plots was caused by pistil sterility. Flower attractiveness for honeybees was positively correlated with attractiveness towards other insects but honeybees appeared to be stronger competitors. Insect pollination was estimated to contribute 28% of the yield. J. M. Gedye. Agriculture Canada Res. Stn., P.O. Box 457, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Que. J3B 6Z8, Canada. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201442 Pollination/by honeybees/of Fragaria/Honeybees/Fragaria/ flowers/characteristics. Bai, D. H. (1990) Studies on the development of apicultural multifarming in Argentina. Korean Journal of Apiculture, 5(1), 44-75. A project for the development of intensive agriculture, with special emphasis on industrialization and export of products, is outlined. Trials are being carried out on irrigation, introduction of oriental species, cultivation practices, and technical research and assistance. Beekeeping is regarded as an integral part of the plan. D. G. Lowe. Centro de Experimentacion y Extension Agropecuaria Inst. de Desarrollo del Valle Inferior (IDEVI) Viedma, Rio Negro, Argentina. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200855 Agriculture/Argentina/Beekeeping. Bailey, L. (1989) Some notes on Acarapis woodi (Rennie). American Bee Journal, 129(8), 543-545. A response to Kjer, Ragsdale & Furgala, American Bee Journal (1989) 129 (1) 25-28. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100577 Honeybees/acarine disease/Acarapis woodi. Bailey, L. and Ball, B. V. (1991) Honey bee pathology. Sidcup, Kent, UK, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. There have been many changes in the distributions of honey bee parasites and diseases, and much research has been carried out on them, since the first edition of this book, by L. Bailey, was published in 1981. The second edition is larger and many sections have been updated, particularly those on viruses and mites, although the general organization of the book remains the same. The book has benefited from the change to a more readable typeface. The references are now given in a much fuller way and this section now occupies over 24 pages. The book should continue to be of use to both beekeepers and insect pathologists. D. G. Lowe. Lawes Agricultural Trust, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts., UK. Page(s): vii + 193 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300961 Honey bees/diseases/Pests/of honey bees/Books/pathology. Bailey, S. J. (1992) Ancient beekeeping in the Sultanate of Oman. Bee Craft, 74(5), 145-149. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400098 Beekeeping/Oman/Fixed-comb hives. Bailez, O., Picard-Nizou, A. L., Kerguelen, V., Douault, P., Marilleau, R., Blight, M., Jouanin, L., Renard, M. and Pham-Delegue, M. H. (1993) Contribution to the study of honey bee-transgenic oilseed rape interactions. Apidologie, 24(4), 457-459. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Nectar foraging by honey bees in a flight room was studied on 2 genetically modified varieties (PG20 and RBN) and on control (Brutor) plants. No significant differences were found in number of flowers visited, duration of visit, and number of attempts to collect nectar, although a preference in terms of number of visits was shown on Brutor compared to PG20. PG20 and RBN had more abundant nectar secretion, and RBN a higher fructose content, than Brutor. Learning ability in honey bees was studied using a mixture of 6 components found in oilseed rape volatiles and also using the compounds individually. A conditioning threshold was found. Library code: Bj. Language: En\Fr\De. Author address: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA-CNRS (URA 1190), BP 23, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500528 foraging/honey bees/nectar/Brassica napus/genetic engineering. Baillieux, P. (1991) Structural aid to apiculture: reform of structural funds. Revue Francaise d'Apiculture(503), 10-12. Original title or source: Aides structurelles a l'apiculture: reforme des fonds structurels. This article summarizes the European Community's plans for agricultural intervention and discusses the implications for European beekeeping. Areas that qualify for funds allotted to various EC objectives are shown in maps and tables. D. G. Lowe. Europe. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300443 Beekeeping/Europe/government/support measures. Bairaktari, E., Mierke, D. F., Mammi, S. and Peggion, E. (1990) Conformational studies by circular dichroism, H NMR, and computer simulations of bombolitins I and III in aqueous solution containing surfactant micelles. Biochemistry, 29(43), 10090-10096. The studies described used synthetic bombolitins, which are found naturally in bumble bee [Bombus spp.] venom. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Biopolymer Research Centre, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400775 Bombus/venoms/peptides. Bakchine, E., Pham-Delegue, M. H., Kaiser, L. and Masson, C. (1990) Computer analysis of the exploratory behavior of insects and mites in an olfactometer. Physiology and Behavior, 48, 183-187. D. G. Lowe. Details are given of the experimental procedure, the method used for data acquisition, and the treatment of the data. Computer analysis was carried out using BASIC APPLESOFT software for the initial stages, and a statistical software package. Brief descriptions of experiments on parasitic wasps (Trichogramma spp.) and mites (Varroa jacobsoni), and on honey bees (Apis mellifera), are used to illustrate how the method can be applied to various biological models. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA-CNRS (URA 1190), 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400015 Insects/behaviour/Acari/Honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Senses/ smell/Laboratory methods. Bakchine-Huber, E., Kaiser, L., Jong, R. d., Patte, F. and Pham-Delegue, M. H. (1991) Odour learning in two beneficial Hymenoptera, Leptopilina boulardi and Apis mellifera. Redia, 74(3, appendix), 295-297. P. Walker. Individual honey bees were conditioned to limonene or geraniol, and L. boulardi (a parasitic wasp) to banana or strawberry odour, then tested in an olfactometer. In bees, response did not vary significantly after pseudoconditioning (P; insects exposed to odour after receiving reward) or associative conditioning (A; reward and odour together). However, response to geraniol, but not to limonene, increased significantly after effective conditioning (conditioned proboscis extension). In wasps, a significant preference for banana odour was shown after A, but not after P. Responses to strawberry odour were increased greatly by A, and slightly by P. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA-CNRS (URA 1190), BP 23, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500857 honey bees/senses/smell/learning/odours/geraniol/limonene/Apis mellifera/Leptopilina boulardi. Bakchine-Huber, E., Marion-Poll, F., Pham-Delegue, M. H. and Masson, C. (1992) Real-time detection and analysis of the exploratory behavior of small animals. An application to the study of the olfactory behavior of honeybees in a four-choice device. Naturwissenschaften, 79(1), 39-42. D. G. Lowe. The use of a PC-based image analysis system in an experimental protocol designed to test the behavioural responses of honey bees to different scents is described. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, CNRS-INRA (URA 1190), 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500147 senses/honey bees/smell/laboratory methods/image processors/computer techniques. Bakchine-Huber, E., Pham-Delegue, M. H., Patte, F. and Masson, C. (1992) Modification of an olfactory preference after conditioning in the honey bee: influence of the nature of the learned signal. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la Vie, 314(7), 325-330. Original title or source: Modification d'une preference olfactive apres apprentissage chez l'abeille: influence de la nature du signal appris. P. Walker. Apis mellifera workers were conditioned (using the proboscis extension reflex) to geraniol (G) or limonene (L) odour. When individual bees were offered a choice between each of these 2 odours and 2 unscented airflows, significantly more G-trained bees chose G rather than L (P 0.001). More L-trained bees also preferred G, but the difference was less marked (P 0.01). Untrained bees also preferred G (P 0.05). It is suggested that this preference results from all bees being naturally exposed to geraniol, a major component of Nasonov gland secretion. Conditioning to limonene reduces but does not completely override this. Library code: Bc. Language: Fr. Author address: Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA-CNRS (URA 1190), BP 23, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500858 honey bees/senses/smell/learning/odours/geraniol/limonene/Apis mellifera. Baker, H. G. and Baker, I. (1990) The predictive value of nectar chemistry to the recognition of pollinator types. Israel Journal of Botany, 39(1/2), 157-166. The analysis of the sucrose to (glucose + fructose) ratio of nectar from plants growing in botanic gardens was used to predict the type of pollinator visiting their flowers in their natural habitats. Erythrina crista-galli (Fabaceae) has hexose-dominated nectar, suggesting pollination by passerine birds. In Puya raimondii (Bromeliaceae), the hexose-dominated nectar and inflorescence morphology also suggest pollination by passerine birds in its native high Andes. Luehea speciosa (Tiliaceae), from the American tropics, has hexose-rich nectar and bat pollination is predicted. No bats have been seen to visit it in Costa Rica but subsequent bat pollination has been recorded in Brazil. J. M. Gedye. Dept. Botany, Univ. California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300004 Pollination/by animals/Animals/Nectar/sugars. Bakheit, B. R. (1989) Pollination and seed setting in different genotypes of Egyptian clover (berseem, Trifolium alexandrinum L.). Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 20(1), 199-208. On (A) open-pollinated berseem, in the presence of honey bees [Apis mellifera, stocking rate not given], cross-pollination accounted for 82% of all pollination, and self-pollination 18%. Some plots were caged to exclude insects and the plants were either (B) tripped by hand or (C) not tripped. For 31 genotypes of 2 cultivars, Miskawi and Fahl, the mean seed set and mean no. seeds/inflorescence were, respectively; A 51.9%, 34.2; B 17.1%, 12.2; C 0.96%, 0.6. It is concluded that honey bees play a major role in increasing the seed set of berseem crops. P. Walker. Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301497 Pollination/by honey bees/of Trifolium alexandrinum/Honey bees/Trifolium alexandrinum. Bakhiet, N. and Stahly, D. P. (1988) Properties of clear plaque mutants of the Bacillus larvae bacteriophages PBL0.5 and PBL2. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 52, 78-83. Two temperate bacteriophages, designated PBL0.5 and PBL2, were obtained from two independently isolated strains of Bacillus larvae. Clear plaque mutants of both phages were isolated and characterized. By a number of different criteria the phages were identical. These phages are not ideal for prevention of American foul brood of honeybees, because they are temperate phages. They are potentially useful for epidemiological studies. Author. Dept. Microbiology, Univ. Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200387 Bacillus larvae/bacteriophages. Balayannis, P. G. and Santas, L. A. (1992) Dissipation of malathion and fluvalinate residues from honey. Journal of Apicultural Research, 31(2), 70-76. Author. A gas chromatographic method was developed and used to analyse the rate of degradation of malathion and fluvalinate in honey under both hive and storage conditions. The pesticides were applied inside hives as dust preparations (malathion) or sprays (fluvalinate), as would be done to control Varroa jacobsoni. Samples of honey spiked with the pesticides were also analysed. Malathion degraded rather slowly under hive or storage conditions and its residues reached levels below the detectable limit of the developed method (0.5 ppb) 13 weeks after application. The degradation rate of fluvalinate, under similar conditions, was slower and its residues in honey fell to the detectable limit of the developed method (5 ppb) 28 weeks after treatment. It is concluded that when the above chemicals are applied inside the hive as described, the time intervals between the last application and the honey harvest ought to be about 13 weeks for malathion and 28 weeks for fluvalinate in order to minimize their residues in honey. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400984 Analytical methods/honey/pesticide residues/Gas chromatography/malathion/fluvalinate. Balayer, M. (1990) Evaluation of honey plant potential in Roussillon. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France, Lettres Botaniques, 137(2/3), 157-171. Original title or source: Evaluation des potentialites melliferes en Roussillon. P. Walker. A table lists 150 plant species that are honey sources in this dry mountain region (0800 m) in the Pyrenees-Orientales. For particular areas, the honey potential for each month can be calculated from the abundance of nectar sources and the apicultural value of each species; this shows when and where there are gaps in nectar flows. Planting of suitable additional species is discussed. Library code: Ba. Language: Fr. Author address: Societe Catalane de Botanique et d'Ecologie Vegetale, B.P. 2033, 66011 Perpignan, France. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400544 Nectar plants/France/Flowering date. Balayer, M. (1991) Honey bee forage in Rousillon, France. Vida Apicola(46), 46-47. Original title or source: Interes apicola del Rosellon frances. Honey bees were observed visiting about 400 plant species in areas in Rousillon, east of the Pyrenees. A table lists the 150 most important species, of which 40 are described as major bee plants. The area has tracts of garrigue- and maquis-type vegetation. P. Walker. Sociedad Catalana de Botanica y Ecologia Vegetal, Perpignan, France. France. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300524 Honey bee forage/France. Baldoni, F. (1993) Producing Italian royal jelly in commercial [beekeeping] concerns is a pleasure. Apitalia, 20(1), 10-13, 15. Original title or source: Pappa reale italiana produrla in azienda e un piacere. An illustrated guide to royal jelly production is presented. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500591 beekeeping/management/royal jelly/production. Balenovic, J., Perkovac, M. and Papic, J. (1988) Hydroxymethylfurfural content and amylase activity in honey. Prehrambeno-Tehnoloska Revija, 26(4), 143-146. HMF content and amylase activity were determined in 22 samples of honey obtained directly from apiaries and 22 samples of industrial honey. Of the 44 honeys, 54.5% met the standard requirements (diastase no. should not be 8, HMF should not be 40 mg/kg). There was a significant correlation between HMF content and diastase activity in both types of honey. In general, apiary honey was of a higher quality than industrial honey. Zavod Zastitu Zdravlja, Zagreb, Yugoslavia. Language: Sh. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301009 Honey/composition/HMF/amylase. Balestrieri, F. and Marini, D. (1987) Food supplements containing pollen, propolis and royal jelly: quantitative determination of active substances. Rivista della Societa'Italiana di Scienza dell' Alimentazione, 16(2), 143-148. Original title or source: Complementi alimentari a base di polline, propoli e gelatina reale: determinazione quantitativa dei principi. Tables give the mean content of the components of pollen (several samples) and royal jelly (4 samples). Gross composition of a propolis sample from Romania is given, and the main components are listed, including 17 flavonoids. A commercial preparation (tablets) containing these 3 hive products, and also ginseng, was analysed, and the quantitative results are summarized. P. Walker. Istituto di Merceologia, Univ. Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy. Library code: Bc. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101340 Health foods/Propolis/as hive products/Hive products/Pollen/ Royal jelly/Analytical methods. Ball, B. V. (1993) The damaging effects of Varroa jacobsoni infestation. Living with varroa. Proceedings of an IBRA symposium, London, 21 November 1992 [edited by Matheson, A.]. Cardiff, UK, International Bee Research Association, 9-16. D. G. Lowe. The damaging effects of V. jacobsoni infestations in Apis mellifera colonies are reviewed, with 17 references. The main topics discussed are the effects of mites feeding on honey bee adults and brood (reduced lifespan, weight loss, and changes in haemolymph proteins), and the role of the mites as activators and transmitters of viruses such as acute paralysis virus and deformed wing virus. The effects of climate are mentioned briefly. Page(s): 9-16. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Rothamsted Experimental Station, AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400600 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/effects/ vectors/bee viruses/Viral diseases/diseases/viruses. Balzekas, J. (1985) Bees and pollination of red clover. Vilnius, Lithuania, USSR, Mokslas. Original title or source: Bites ir raudonieji dobilai seklai. This monograph summarizes the results of experiments conducted in 195882. Their purpose was to ascertain methods of increasing bee productivity, and improving red clover pollination, by using grey Caucasian honeybees or hybrids produced by crossing Caucasians with native Lithuanian bees. The results indicated that bee forage should be improved by planting mixtures of vetches, oats and phacelia (14.6 kg sugar/ha), or peas and white mustard (2.611.4 kg sugar/ha), or peas and phacelia (13.0 kg sugar/ha). Sowing white mustard (22.6 kg sugar/ha) after early potatoes, or phacelia (120.9 kg sugar/ha), melilot (238.6 kg sugar/ha) or field beans (13.3 kg sugar/ha) could also be carried out. Studies on management methods indicated that the time needed to manage 1 colony used for clover pollination should be 4.8<+->1.6 man-hours, and 3.0<+->1.5 min for transporting between the crop and the apiary. The optimum size of an apiary is considered to be 500 colonies within a radius of 10 km, or 1200 colonies within 15 km. There should be no more than 2024 colonies at each permanent site, with a distance of 24 km between sites. By using supplementary feeding of 14 kg sugar/colony, an average yield per hive of 13.4 kg surplus honey can be obtained. The economics of beekeeping in Lithuania are discussed. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 128 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Li. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101364 Pollination/by honeybees/of Trifolium pratense/Honeybees/ Trifolium pratense/Honeybee colonies/honey-getting capacity/ Honeybee forage/planting/races/Apis mellifera caucasica/Books. Bambara, S. B. and Leidy, N. A. (1991) An atlas of selected pollen important to honey bees in the eastern United States. Raleigh, NC, USA, North Carolina State University. SEM micrographs are presented for 57 pollens, mostly collected from flowers (known to be foraged by honey bees) at or just before opening, at various sites in North Carolina, USA. There are indexes of common names and Latin names, and a short bibliography. D. G. Lowe. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. USA. Page(s): 38 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300930 Pollen plants/USA/North Carolina/Pollen/morphology. Bamford, S. (1987) Studies on the infection of honey bee larvae with Ascosphaera apis, PhD Thesis, Plymouth Polytechnic, UK. The fungus Ascosphaera apis, which causes chalk brood in honeybee larvae, is spread by ascospores, but the site of their germination to initiate infection has not been established. In this study larval surface cuticle was initially investigated as a possible site, but spores did not activate here. Therefore, potential inhibitors of spore germination were studied, including: water and chloroform washings of larval cuticle; larval food constituents (pollen, honey, brood food, royal jelly); and a variety of medium-chain fatty acids at concentrations of 1, 0.1 and 0.01%. Royal jelly exhibited a severe inhibitory effect on all germination stages. Larvae were successfully infected by feeding them food containing A. apis spores, both in vitro and in vivo. A histological study of infected larvae demonstrated germination of spores in the midgut lumen, followed by penetration of the peritrophic membrane and gut epithelium by developing hyphae and subsequent invasion of larval tissues by mycelia. Spore activation and enlargement were shown to be independent of temperature within the ranges 1040C and 2540 respectively, while germ-tube production was closely temperature-related, occurring only between 25 and 37, with an optimum between 31 and 35. However, all 3 germination stages were independent of pH within the range 57.8. Studies on the nutritional requirements for germination revealed the need for exogenous supplies of both a carbon and nitrogen source to support germ-tube production. The 'spore-ball phenomenon' was investigated and a supplementary amino acid source was identified. The aetiology of chalk brood is discussed in the light of these findings. Author. Dept. Biological Sci., Plymouth Polytechnic, Plymouth, Devon, UK. Page(s): x + 200 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101257 Honeybee brood/chalk brood/aetiology/Theses/Ascosphaera apis/ spores/germination. Bamford, S. and Heath, L. A. F. (1989) The infection of Apis mellifera larvae by Ascosphaera apis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 28(1), 30-35. Histological studies were made of larvae of Apis mellifera which had been fed sucrose solution containing spores of Ascosphaera apis. Germinated spores were seen in the lumen of the ventriculus. Hyphae developing from these did not colonize the gut contents extensively, but grew directly through the peritrophic membrane and gut epithelium. Unlike the situation in other genera of fungal pathogens, the peritrophic membrane did not appear to provide a barrier to infection by A. apis. Subsequently, the mycelium spread throughout the haemocoel, and after 3 days the first hyphae were seen to penetrate the integument and grow aerially. Author. Dept. Biological Sci., Plymouth Polytechnic, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101258 Honeybee brood/chalk brood/infection/Honeybees/larvae/ histology. Bamford, S. and Heath, L. A. F. (1989) The effects of temperature and pH on the germination of spores of the chalkbrood fungus, Ascosphaera apis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 28(1), 36-40. The effects of environmental temperature and pH on 3 stages of spore germination in Ascosphaera apis were investigated. Activation and enlargement were independent of temperature within a range of 1040C, and 2540, respectively. Germ-tube production was closely temperature-related, only occurring within the range 2537, with an optimum between 31 and 35. All 3 stages were independent of pH within the range of pH 57.8 (equivalent to those found in larval blood and gut contents). Lower pH values (equivalent to those found in honey, pollen, and brood food) drastically reduced enlargement and germ-tube production. A. apis appears to be a pathogen highly specialized for life in honeybee larvae. Author. Dept. Biological Sci., Plymouth Polytechnic, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101024 Ascosphaera apis/spores/germination/temperature/effects/pH. Banaszak, J. (1987) Bees (Apoidea) of selected plant associations at Wielkopolski National Park. Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polska Zachodnia, C, 35, 5-23. Original title or source: Pszczoy (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) wybranych zespoow roslinnych Wielkopolskiego Parku Narodowego. Studies on the species composition of Apoidea populations in the Wielkopolski National Park (WNP), Poznan, Poland, were carried out in 197780. In total, 121 species were identified, including 45 species not previously found in the WNP. The species composition of bee populations in 4 vegetational types is given, with average population densities. Plants foraged by bees are listed. The dominant species were honey bees (Apis mellifera), Bombus pascuorum, B. lapidarius, B. terrestris, B. lucorum, Andrena subopaca and A. helvola. Thirteen zoogeographical elements were distinguished. D. G. Lowe. Zakad Biologii Rolnej i Lesnej, Polskiej Akad. Nauk, ul. Swierczewskiego 19, 60-809 Poznan, Poland. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300053 Apoidea/Poland/Plant communities/populations. Banaszak, J. (1988) The collection of Hymenoptera Aculeata of Prof. Edward Lubicz-Niezabitowski. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Zoologica et Anthropologica, 6, 73-81. Original title or source: Zbior Zadowek (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) Prof. Edwarda Lubicz-Niezabitowskiego. The list of 116 species includes 88 species of Apoidea. Poland. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201142 Apoidea/Poland/Hymenoptera. Banaszak, J. (1989) Phenology of bees (Apoidea) of Central Poland Lowlands. Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polska Zachodnia, C, 38, 123-136. Original title or source: Fenologia pszczo (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) Nizin Srodkowopolskich. The work described is based on collections of material from the Wielkopolsko-Kujawska Lowland and the Mazovian Lowland made over the period 196680. In total, 9507 specimens of 289 species were identified, of which 85% were species of Apoidea. The period of activity for bees in this area lasts for just over 6 months, from the end of March until early October, with a peak in early August. There was a close relationship between bee activity and the flowering of certain plants. D. G. Lowe. Zakad Biologii Rolnej i Lesnej, Polskiej Akad. Nauk, ul. Swierczewskiego 19, 60-809 Poznan, Poland. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300052 Apoidea/phenology/Poland. Banaszak, J. (1989) Investigations on natural resources of pollinators. Unconventional methods in lucerne breeding. Proceedings of the Medicago sativa Working Group Meeting, Radzikow, September 12-17, 1988., 27-28. Because of the importance of bees as pollinators of crops such as lucerne, sunflowers, buckwheat, clover and flax, and the fears of degradation of the natural environment in Poland and other eastern European countries, a standard method of evaluating bee density in different ecosystems is proposed. Using the system, linear transects 1 m wide and 200 m long are walked at a speed of 10 m per minute and bees are counted. Observations should be carried out on still, sunny days with a minimum temperature of 20C, between 10.00 and 15.00 h. J. M. Gedye. Dept. Agric. & Forest Biology, Polish Acad. Sci., Poznan, Poland. Page(s): 27-28. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300367 Apoidea/counting/field experimentation. Banaszak, J. (1989) Bees (Apoidea) of moist meadows on the Mazovian lowland. Memorabilia Zoologica, 43, 279-287. Observations in an area of ryegrass meadow in Poland over 3 years showed that the prevailing species of Apoidea were Andrena haemorrhoa (20.1%), Lasioglossum calceatum (18.9%) and honey bees (Apis mellifera, 12.2%). From April to the begining of June A. haemorrhoa males and L. calceatum females predominated. During summer, apart from honey bees, L. leucozonium and Bombus species were abundant. The use of Moericke traps was a more effective means of sampling than using window traps and sweep nets. J. M. Gedye. Zakad Biologii Rolnej i Lesnej, Polska Akad. Nauk, ul. Swierczewskiego 19, 60-809 Poznan, Poland. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300369 Apoidea/Poland/meadows. Banaszak, J. (1990) An appeal for the legal protection of all species of wild Apoidea. Chronmy Przyrode Ojczysta, 1, 5-8. Original title or source: O ochrone gatunkowa wszystkich pszczo dziko zyjacych (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Proposes that 443 species of Apoidea in Poland should be protected. Poland. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201144 Apoidea/Poland/protected species. Banaszak, J. (1990) Bees (Apoidea) of hornbeam-oak and thermophilous oak forests of the Mazovian lowland [Poland]. Zeszyty Naukowe Wyzszej Szkoy Pedagogicznej w Bydgoszczy, Studia Przyrodnicze(8), 23-36. Original title or source: Pszczoy (Apoidea) gradow i dabrow swietlistych Niziny Mazowieckiej. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400757 Apoidea/Quercus/forests/Poland. Banaszak, J. (1991) A checklist of the bee species (Apoidea) of Poland with remarks to their taxonomy and zoogeography. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Zoologica et Anthropologica, 7, 15-66. Department of Environment Protection, Pedagogical College, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300746 Apoidea/Poland/taxonomy. Banaszak, J. (1992) Bees Apoidea. Red list of threatened animals in Poland [edited by Gowacinski, Z.]. Krakow, Poland, Polish Academy of Sciences, 49-58. Original title or source: Pszczoy Apoidea. Author. So far, 454 species of Apoidea have been found in Poland, and almost half of them have been proposed for inclusion in the Red List. Some 12 species (2.6% of Polish bee fauna) are now listed as extinct in Poland, and the occurrence of some species is regarded as doubtful and calling for confirmation. Hence, the list of Polish Apoidea now includes some 440 species. Three species (0.6%) are listed as endangered; others are designated vulnerable, under threat because of their rarity, or species of indeterminate vulnerability. The main reason for the loss of Apoidea is the general degradation of the environment: rapid destruction of forests, roadside vegetation and hedgerows. Page(s): 49-58. Library code: Ba. Language: Pl. Author address: Zakad Ochrony Srodowiska Wyzszej Szkoy Pedagogiczenej, ul. Chodkiewicza 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500050 Apoidea/Poland/nature conservation. Banaszak, J. (1992) Strategy for conservation of wild bees in an agricultural landscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 40(1-4), 179-192. Author. Investigations carried out by the author for 15 years on the Wielkopolsko-Kujawska Lowland (western Poland) have shown that wild bees (Apoidea) are today under strong human pressure. About 260 bee species were found in the area of 20000 km. A similar number of species was recorded in this area by investigators half a century ago, which indicates that the survival of the fauna is due to compensating factors reducing the effects of intensive agricultural management. The main factor among these is the mosaic structure of the landscape, consisting of meadows and residues of natural and semi-natural plant communities as a fauna refuge system. In a normally functioning agricultural landscape, cultivated land should not exceed three-quarters of the total surface. The remaining part of the landscape should consist of refuge habitats for Apoidea. Within such a system, qualitative and quantitative changes of the bee fauna are usually of a temporary character. On a regional scale they would not be perceivable. The second factor decreasing the negative effects of management is the introduction of extensive areas of some crops which provide a source of bee forage e.g. rape. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environment Protection, The Pedagogical University, Bydgoszc, Chodkiewicza 51, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500405 Apoidea/agricultural land/Poland/agriculture/ecology. Banaszak, J. (1992) Natural resources of wild bees in Poland. Bydgoszcz, Poland, Pedagogical University. D. G. Lowe. This book is a collection of 16 papers, the work of 17 authors, reviewing research on Apoidea in Poland. After an outline of the history of research on Apoidea in Poland over the last 200 years, the book is divided into 4 parts. The first, and largest, part deals with the diversity and density of bees in Poland, including a comparison with the rest of Europe, the state of apiculture in Poland, the Apoidea of dune habitats, forests, urban environments and agricultural land, populations of bees on red clover, and the distribution of bumble bee (Bombus) species in Poland. The second part is concerned with the food plants of bees and has chapters on nectar and pollen resources in Poland, pollen foraging by honey bees in an apiary at Dabrowica, and the food plants of Osmia rufa. Part 3 describes threats to bees because of human activities, including the use of pesticides. The final part describes techniques used in the introduction of Osmia rufa to large multicrop farms, and in the determination of bee populations in orchards. Each chapter has a list of references, but there are no author or subject indexes. Banaszak, J. (Editor). Page(s): 174 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Author address: Department of Environmental Protection, Pedagogical University, Chodkiewicza str. 51, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500408 Apoidea/beekeeping/Poland/books. Banda, A. S. M. (1989) Determining sources of forage for bees in Malawi through the identification of pollen in Malawian honeys, MPhil Thesis, University of Wales, Cardiff, UK. Pollen analyses were carried out on 39 honey samples from Malawi. Pollen grains from flowers collected from the same areas and at the same time as the honey samples were mounted on 130 reference slides. Of the 143 pollen types identified in the honeys, the most common were from the following families: Combretaceae (Combretum sp.), Leguminosae (Brachystegia sp.), Euphorbiaceae (Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia), Rubiaceae (Crossopteryx febrifuga) and Verbenaceae (Vitex payos). Others, such as Proteaceae (Protea sp.), Euphorbiaceae (Croton sp.), Leguminosae (Acacia sp.), Myrtaceae (Syzygium crodatum) and Sterculiaceae (Dombeya rotundifolia) were well distributed but had low frequencies of occurrence in all samples. The number of pollen types identified in each honey sample ranged from 6(5 samples) to 23. The average number of pollen types per sample was 11.97<+->0.70. The total number of pollen grains counted in a 10-g sample ranged from 80 to 13889. The average pollen content per sample was 4650<+->6.34. Twelve of the 39 honeys were dominated by one pollen type which contributed more than 80% of the total pollen grains in the sample. Author. School of Pure and Applied Biology, College of Cardiff, Univ. Wales, Cardiff, UK. Page(s): vii + 185 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101200 Honeybee forage/Malawi/Honey/pollen analysis/Theses. Banda, H. E. J. (1990) Pollination of greenhouse tomatoes by honeybees and bumblebees, MPhil Thesis, University of Wales College of Cardiff, UK. Experiments were carried out at Cardiff in Wales, and at Chichester in England, during summer 1989, to study the effectiveness of honeybees, bumble bees, mechanical vibration and combinations of these in pollinating greenhouse tomatoes. Further experiments were done at Cardiff in summer 1990 on the pollination of both greenhouse and field tomatoes. In all cases the effectiveness of the various methods of pollination was determined by measuring fruit set, fruit size, fruit weight and number of seeds per fruit. Observations on the behaviour of the bees indicated that visits by honeybees to tomato flowers were erratic, while those of bumble bees were constant. Bumble bees 'buzz' pollinate tomato flowers, but honeybees do not. At Cardiff, the results were not conclusive, though different methods of pollination were seen to have varying degrees of effectiveness. The absence of any method of pollination (zero pollination) adversely affected yield and quality of tomatoes in the greenhouse and in the field. Honeybees were little or no better than zero pollination. The electric vibrator was an effective device for pollinating both greenhouse and field tomatoes, but bumble bees were even more effective. Bombus terrestris and Bombus lapidarius produced different results in two separate cages; B. terrestris workers were more effective pollinators than those of B. lapidarius. The combined use of the electric vibrator and other methods produced better results than individual methods. At Chichester, in commercial tomato crops, bumble bees were more effective pollinators of greenhouse tomatoes than mechanical vibration, but honeybees were not effective. Author. School of Pure and Applied Biology, Univ. Wales College of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK. Page(s): x + 236 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201420 Pollination/by honeybees/of Lycopersicon/by Bombus/Honeybees/ Bombus/by man/Lycopersicon/Greenhouse culture/Theses. Banda, H. J. and Paxton, R. J. (1991) Pollination of greenhouse tomatoes by bees [Apis mellifera, Bombus spp.]. The Sixth International Symposium on Pollination, Tilburg, Netherlands, 27-31 August 1990 [edited by Heemert, C. van; Ruijter, A. de]. Netherlands, Research Centre for Insect Pollination and Beekeeping and International Society for Horticultural Science, 194-198. Summary of work described previously in the first author's PhD thesis (1990). Page(s): 194-198. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201422 Pollination/by honeybees/of Lycopersicon/by Bombus/Honeybees/ Bombus/by man/Lycopersicon/Greenhouse culture. Bande, J. M. and Abreu, A. C. (1987) Effect of the position of comb foundation on the total comb area built by honeybees. 2. Ciencia y Tecnica en la Agricultura, Apicultura, 3, 17-28. Original title or source: Influencia de la posicion de las laminas con relacion a la superficie construida por las abejas (II). When sheets of foundation were positioned next to each other, honeybees drew out an average of 45.8% of the total area of each side. When sheets of foundation were interspersed with built combs the mean area drawn out was 63.3%. D. G. Lowe. Estacion Exp. Apicola, Carretera El Cano-Wajay, km 0, Arroyo Arenas, La Lisa, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100558 Foundation/usage/stimulation/by man/Combs/construction/by honeybees/Honeybees. Bande, M., Perez Pineiro, A. and Garcia, O. (1988) Effect of the number of combs on the production of honey and wax by the honeybee colony. 2. Ciencia y Tecnica en la Agricultura, Apicultura, 4, 45-58. Original title or source: Influencia del numero de panales en las abejas con respecto a la produccion de miel y cera. II. When frames of comb foundation were inserted between honey combs in a super, bees built comb on 63% of the area. If the frames of foundation were placed together in a group the bees built comb on only 46% of the area. Author. Estacion Exp. Apicola, Carretera El Cano-Wajay, km 0, Arroyo Arenas, La Lisa, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100864 Combs/construction/by honeybees/Honeybees/Foundation/usage/ stimulation/by man. Bandpay, V. and Bahrami, M. (1989) Field experiments to determine the effect of Perizin on Varroa mite in honeybee colonies in Iran. Journal of Apicultural Research, 28(3), 169-174. Perizin [coumaphos] was used against Varroa in honeybee colonies in cold climate conditions when no brood was present. In 10 colonies with the recommended dose rate, a mean efficacy of 97.6% was achieved. In another experiment in mild climate conditions, when the least amount of brood was present in 10 colonies, 4 applications of Perizin emulsion at 4-day intervals and at half the recommended dose rate achieved a mean efficacy of 95.31%. The result for full-dose treatment in the same experiment showed an efficacy of 96.02%. Author. Agric. Extension Organization, Tabnak Ave., Ewin, Tehran 19395, Iran. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101274 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/control methods/ Coumaphos/ Pollinators/ Natural enemies/ Beneficial insects/ Varroidae/ Arthropod pests/ Acari/ Insects/ Apidae/ Hymenoptera/Varroa/ control/acaricides/Coumaphos/Apis mellifera/ectoparasites/ hosts/Iran. Bandyukova, V. A., Macekas, A., Taure, I., Kozlova, M. B. and Pelekis, L. (1988) Trace element composition of pollen from species in the Lithuanian flora that are characterized by intense pollen production. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii(4), 619-621. Data on 20 minerals and trace elements are listed for the pollens of Malus domestica, Trifolium pratense, Pyrus communis, Sinapis arvensis, Salix caprea, Taraxacum officinale, Pisum sativum and Ranunculus acer. Pyatigorsk Farm. Inst., Pyatigorsk, USSR. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300720 Pollen/minerals/trace elements. Bandyukova, V. A., Macekas, A., Svirmickas, G. and Kadziauskiene, K. (1988) Amino acid composition of pollen of some nectariferous plants. II. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soeidenii(4), 610-611. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300721 Pollen/amino acids. Bankova, V., Popov, S., Marekov, N., Manolova, N., Maksimova, V., Gegova, G., Serkedzhieva, Y. and Uzunov, S. (1988) On the chemical composition of some propolis fractions with antiviral action. Acta Microbiologica Bulgarica, 23, 52-57. The chemical composition of the ethyl ether fraction of propolis was studied. Chromatography and spectrometry showed that it contained a large number of polyphenols: flavonoids, phenolic acids and their esters, and aromatic ketones. A number of the compounds were identified from propolis for the first time. Comparison of propolis samples from different areas of Bulgaria showed that they had the same qualitative composition and were very similar quantitatively. Author. Inst. Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Acad. Sci., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria. Library code: Ba. Language: Bg. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200708 Propolis/as hive products/Hive products/polyphenols. Bankova, V. and Kuleva, L. (1989) Phenolic compounds of propolis from different regions of Bulgaria. Zhivotnov'dni Nauki, 26(2), 94-98. Propolis samples from various parts of Bulgaria were analysed by gas chromatography to determine their content of phenols, including p-coumaric acid, dimethoxycinnamic acid, isoferulic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, pentenyl ferulate, pentenyl caffeate, pinocembrin, pinobanksin, -phenylethyl caffeate, pinobanksin-3-O-acetate benzyl caffeate, and galangin. Possible floral sources of the compounds are discussed, along with the possibility of using the data obtained for the creation of a Bulgarian standard for propolis preparations. Cent. Phytochem., Inst. Org. Chem., Sofia, Bulgaria. Language: Bg. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301047 Propolis/phenolic compounds/as hive products/Hive products. Bankova, V. S., Popov, S. S. and Marekov, N. L. (1989) Isopentenyl cinnamates from poplar buds and propolis. Phytochemistry, 28(3), 871-873. The presence of pentenyl esters of caffeic and ferulic/isoferulic acids in propolis and poplar buds was recently reported [see Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, C (1987) 42, 147]. The following have now been isolated from propolis and from buds of Populus nigra and P. italica: 2 esters of caffeic acid and 2 esters of ferulic acid with isomeric pentenyl alcohols. The structures of the esters have been determined. P. Walker. Inst. Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Acad. Sci., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200347 Propolis/esters/Populus/buds. Bankova, V., Djulgerov, A., Popov, S., Evstatieva, L. and Kuleva, L. (1991) A study on the origin of Bulgarian propolis. Apiacta, 26(1), 13-17. Propolis from hives and buds collected from the following species were analysed by TLC and HPLC: Populus nigra, P. italica P. tremula, and 6 other trees (5 other genera). Phenolic compounds similar to those present in propolis were found only in the Populus species. Semi-quantitative results of GC and GC/MS analyses are given for 38 phenolic compounds (including 6 unidentified). It is concluded that the propolis analysed came mainly from P. nigra, with small contributions from the other 2 Populus species. P. Walker. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300208 Propolis plants/Populus/buds/phenolic compounds/Analytical methods/propolis/Chromatography. Bankova, V., Dyulgerov, A., Popov, S., Evstatieva, L., Kuleva, L., Pureb, O. and Zamjansan, Z. (1992) Propolis produced in Bulgaria and Mongolia: phenolic compounds and plant origin. Apidologie, 23(1), 79-85. P. Walker. Results are presented for the GC/MS analysis of the phenolic compounds in: (A) propolis samples from Bulgaria, and bud exudates of 3 Populus species growing in the area, and (B) propolis samples from Mongolia and bud exudate of P. suaveolens, which grows in the area. From the similar analyses obtained in B, it is concluded that the propolis had been collected from P. suaveolens. For A, the Bulgarian propolis had apparently come mainly from P. nigra, with some contribution from P. italica. A total of 42 phenolic compounds are listed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400293 Propolis/as hive products/Hive products/Bulgaria/Mongolia/ Populus/buds/phenolic compounds/ Propolis/chemical composition/phenolic acids. Banks, B. E. C., Dempsey, C. E., Vernon, C. A., Warner, J. A. and Yamey, J. (1990) Anti-inflammatory activity of bee venom peptide 401 (mast cell degranulating peptide) and compound 48/80 results from mast cell degranulation in vivo. British Journal of Pharmacology, 99, 350-354. Author. The relationship between the anti-inflammatory activity of the honey bee venom peptide 401 in the carrageenin-induced oedema of the rat hind paw and its mast cell degranulating activity has been re-investigated. Compound 48/80 also suppressed rat hind paw oedema. The anti-inflammatory activities of peptide 401 and compound 48/80 were suppressed (A) partially, by pretreatment of rats with mepyramine and methysergide, at doses (2.5 mg kg1)>) that completely suppressed skin reactions to these mast cell-derived amines, and (B) by pretreatment with compound 48/80. Injection of peptide 401 together with carrageenin increased the inflammatory response in the rat hind paw. It is concluded that the anti-inflammatory activity of peptide 401 and of compound 48/80 in the carrageenin-induced swelling of the rat hind paw arises from mast cell degranulation in vivo. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Department of Physiology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400317 Honey bee venom/peptides/antiinflammatory agents. Bano Breis, F. d. (1990) Atlas of pollen. Murcia, Spain, Consejeria de Cultura, Educacion y Turismo de la Comunidad Autonoma de la Region de Murcia. Original title or source: Atlas del pollen. This book is divided into 2 parts. The first has chapters on historical aspects, the angiosperm flower, the structure of the pollen grain, pollination and fertilization, the basics of pollen analysis, methods using the optical microscope, and pollens of the main groups of plants. The second part deals with practical applications of the study of pollen, including aeropalynology and allergic reactions to pollen, pollen analysis of honey, pollen analysis of geological samples, pollen trapping and uses of pollen, biological aspects of pollen. An appendix gives descriptions, photographs and a key to some important pollens. There is also a short subject index. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 232 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300718 Pollen/botany/Pollen analysis/honey/as hive products/Hive products/Books. Bano Breis, F. d., Perez Sanchez, C. and Candela Castillo, M. E. (1993) Pollen key. A reference for the pollen analysis of honeys from Murcia. 1. Spring flowering. Vida Apicola(60), 34-35, 37, 39, 42-45. Original title or source: Palinoteca. Referencia para el analisis polinico de mieles de la Region de Murcia. 1. Floracion de primavera. The size and characteristics of 12 pollen grains, common in honeys of this area, are reported, together with photographs of them. A glossary of terms is included. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501402 spring/honey/pollen analysis/honey bee forage/Spain. Bano Breis, F. d., Perez Sanchez, C. and Candela Castillo, M. E. (1993) Pollen key. A reference for the pollen analysis of honeys from Murcia. 2. Summer flowering. Vida Apicola(62), 33-39. Original title or source: Palinoteca. Referencia para el analisis polinico de mieles de la Region de Murcia. 2. Floracion de verano. The size and characteristics of 11 pollen grains, common in honeys of this area, are reported, together with photographs of them. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501403 summer/honey/pollen analysis/honey bee forage/Spain. Bano Breis, F. d., Perez Sanchez, C. and Candela Castillo, M. E. (1994) Pollen key. A reference for the pollen analysis of honeys from Murcia. 4. Winter flowering. Vida Apicola(64), 35-41. Original title or source: Palinoteca. Referencia para el analisis polinico de mieles de la Region de Murcia. 4. Floracion de invierno. Ten main pollen types were identified. The characteristics of the pollen grains of each are reported, with illustrations. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501401 winter/honey/pollen analysis/honey bee forage/Spain. Bano Breis, F. d., Perez Sanchez, C. and Candela Castillo, M. E. (1994) Pollen key. A reference for the pollen analysis of honeys from Murcia. 3. Autumn flowering. Vida Apicola(63), 25-29, 31, 33. Original title or source: Palinoteca. Referencia para el analisis polinico de mieles de la Region de Murcia. 3. Floracion de otono. Data for 10 pollen grains commonly found in autumn-harvested honey are presented, with pictures of the grains. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501404 autumn/honey/pollen analysis/honey bee forage/Spain. Bappoo, D. R. and Ramanah, D. (1989) The state of beekeeping in Mauritius and other Mascarene Islands. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Cairo, Egypt, 6-10 November 1988. London, UK, International Bee Research Association, 500-503. Page(s): 500-503. Library code: Bdo. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100816 Beekeeping/Mauritius. Barabanova, V. V. (1987) Seasonal changes in the storage nutrient content of the female Varroa jacobsoni mite. Vestnik Zoologii(6), 74-78. A comparative study was made of the contents of lipids, glycogen and reducing sugars in female V. jacobsoni in summer and winter. Wintering mites contained more glycogen and reducing sugars than summer mites. I. I. Shmalgauzen Institute of Zoology, Ukrainian Academy of Science, Kiev, USSR. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300728 Varroa jacobsoni/food/reserves/seasonal cycle. Barabanova, V. V. and Piletskaya, I. V. (1987) Seasonal changes in body weight and water content of female Varroa jacobsoni. Doklady Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, B(8), 58-60. Studies of body mass and water content in female V. jacobsoni on overwintering honeybees showed that in autumn there was a large decrease in water content, an increase in dry matter and a practically unchanged fresh body weight. When honeybee brood rearing started after wintering, the total body weight and water content of the mites started to increase, with a corresponding reduction in dry matter. The greatest fresh and dry weights, and water content, all occurred in mites during the period of active feeding on honeybee brood. Author. Inst. Zoologii, AN USSR, Kiev, USSR. Library code: Bb. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100591 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/weight/water metabolism. Barabanova, V. V. and Piletskaya, I. V. (1989) Some physiological peculiarities of the ontogeny of the mite Varroa jacobsoni. Vestnik Zoologii(6), 51-54. Data are tabulated for glycogen, lipid and water contents, and live and dry weights, for V.jacobsoni (both sexes) at 5 stages of development. Library code: Bb. Language: Ru. Author address: Institut Zoologii im I.I. Shmal'gauzena, Kiev, Ukraine. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500386 Varroa jacobsoni/development/physiology. Barankova, E. and Minezinger, S. (1988) Cosmetic emulsions containing royal jelly and tocopherol acetate as a stabiliser. Czech Patent(CS 247 579), 5. Language: Cs. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300659 Royal jelly/as hive products/Hive products/cosmetics/Patents. Barbarino, G. (1990) Activities of the Veterinary Service of Piedmont [Italy] concerning beekeeping. Apicoltore Moderno, 81(1), 35-42. Original title or source: Attivita dei Servizi Veterinari della Regione Piemonte in materia di apicoltura. Concerns incidence of Varroa infestations and AFB. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201003 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/Italy/Honeybee brood/American foul brood. Barbattini, R. (1988) Different methods of using bromopropylate to control Varroa jacobsoni. Ape Nostra Amica, 10(1), 18-22. Original title or source: Differenti metodologie di impiego del bromopropilato nella lotta contro Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Fumigation using a smoker or a battery-operated fumigator was used to apply bromopropylate for the control of Varroa jacobsoni. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200260 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/control methods/ Bromopropylate/ Varroidae/ Acari/ Arthropod pests/ Natural enemies/ Ectoparasites/ Mites/Varroa jacobsoni/control/acaricides/ Bromopropylate. Barbattini, R. (1988) Production of honey from the honeydew of Metcalfa pruinosa. Informatore Agrario, 44(20), 49-51. Original title or source: Produzione di miele dalla melata di Metcalfa pruinosa (Say). This moth-like insect in the family Flatidae (Order Hemiptera) may produce much honeydew and it may be found on many plant species. On the Friuli plains in Italy its hosts include plane, false acacia, mulberry, various fruit trees, maple, chestnut, lime, laurel, maize, lucerne, clover, soya bean and sorghum. Heavy infestations have been seen on hedges of false acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) and, in same places, on Ailanthus. The life cycle of M. pruinosa is described briefly. Honeybees collect the honeydew produced by M. pruinosa and some beekeepers harvest up to 35 kg honeydew honey/colony. If M. pruinosa infestations on cultivated plants are heavy, insecticides may be used against them which puts bees at risk of poisoning. P. Walker. Istituto di Difesa delle Piante, Univ. Udine, Udine, Italy. Library code: Bc. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100207 Hemiptera/honeydew/excretion/Metcalfa pruinosa. Barbattini, R., Giumanini, A. G. and Poiana, M. (1988) Chemical composition of honeydew and honeydew honey. Ape Nostra Amica, 10(6), 17-23. Original title or source: Composizione chimica della melata e del miele da essa derivato. Recent research on the composition of honeydew and honeydew honeys is reviewed, with 61 references. The production of honey from honeydew secreted by Metcalfa pruinosa (Hemiptera: Flatidae) is reported from Friuli, eastern Italy. Pollen grains from Castanea sativa, Trifolium repens, Rubus spp., Lotus spp., Umbelliferae and Artemisia spp. were present in the honey, and data for chemical composition and physical properties are tabulated. D. G. Lowe. Istituto di Difesa delle Piante, Univ. Udine, Udine, Italy. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100278 Honey/Italy/honeydew/Metcalfa/excretion. Barbattini, R. (1988) Different methods of applying bromopropylate for the control of Varroa jacobsoni. Ape Nostra Amica, 10(1), 18-22. Original title or source: Differenti metodologie di impiego del bromopropilato nella lotta contro Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Two groups of 5 infested colonies were treated with Folbex applied (A) from a smoker, directed into the hive entrance, or (B) by inserting burning strips. The mean percentage of mites killed was 58.1% by A and 74.0% by B. To improve the efficacy of smoker application, a battery-driven smoker was devised to force in the Folbex smoke and also to extract it from the hive and recycle it. P. Walker. Istituto di Difesa delle Piante, Univ. degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy. Library code: Bc. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100934 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/control methods/ Bromopropylate. Barbattini, R., Milani, N., Chiesa, F. and D'Agaro, M. (1989) Field trials with different acaricides in NE Italy: effectiveness against Varroa jacobsoni and tolerance by honeybees. Apicoltore Moderno, 80(1), 3-11. Original title or source: Prove di campo con diversi acaricidi nell'Italia nord-orientale: efficacia verso Varroa jacobsoni Oud. e tollerabilita da parte delle api. Colonies infested with V. jacobsoni were treated in the autumn or winter. When Perizin (coumaphos) was applied twice, with an interval of 7 days, 92.299.9% of mites were killed with most dying between 4 and 6 h after treatment. Mean bee mortality was higher than that in untreated colonies. In other colonies treated for 2 months with Apistan (fluvalinate) strips, 83.399.6% of mites were killed. Mite deaths were strongly correlated with bee activity inside the hive, and thus with temperature and weather. Mean bee mortality was somewhat higher than normal in the first month of treatment. P. Walker. Istituto di Difesa delle Piante, Univ. Udine, Udine, Italy. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100597 Pests/of honeybees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honeybees/control methods/ Coumaphos/Fluvalinate. Barbattini, R. and Frilli, F. (1991) Varroa jacobsoni: object of much research in Italy. Ape Nostra Amica, 13(1), 4-13. Original title or source: Varroa jacobsoni: oggetto di numerose ricerche in Italia. This review, with 54 references, summarizes and discusses the various lines of research on V. jacobsoni being undertaken in Italy. D. G. Lowe. Istituto di Difesa delle Piante, Universita di Udine, Udine, Italy. Italy. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300979 Pests/of honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/Honey bees/research/Italy. Barbattini, R., Greatti, M., Iob, M., Sabatini, A. G., Marcazzan, G. L. and Colombo, R. (1991) Observations on Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) and studies of the characteristics of honey derived from its honeydew. Apicoltura(7), 113-135. Original title or source: Osservazioni su Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) e indagine sulle caratteristiche del miele derivato dalla sua melata. P. Walker. M. pruinosa (Hemiptera, Flatidae) produces honeydew on many plants in NE Italy (which are listed by family), especially Ulmus minor, Platanus hybrida, Cornus sanguinea, Ailanthus altissima, Acer campestre, Robinia pseudoacacia and Rubus ulmifolius. The honeydew is collected by honey bees from mid-July until the end of August. Foraging activity is greater in the morning and late afternoon. Physical properties and chemical composition are reported for 78 samples of honeydew honey derived from M. pruinosa; characteristics differ from those of other Italian unifloral honeys, especially honeydew honey from fir. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Istituto di Difesa delle Piante, Universita degli Studi, via Fagagna 208, 33100 Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401226 Metcalfa pruinosa/honeydew/excretion/Honey/Italy/composition/ characteristics. Barbattini, R., Frilli, F., Iob, M., Giovani, C. and Padovani, R. (1991) Transfer of caesium and potassium by the 'apiarian chain'in some areas of Friuli [NE Italy]. Preliminary note. Apicoltura(7), 85-99. Original title or source: Transferimento del cesio e del potassio attraverso la 'catena apistica'in alcune aree del Friuli. Nota preliminare. P. Walker. Four years after the Chernobyl accident, the concentrations of radioactive Cs and K were examined in soil, plants, honey bees, pollen and honey ('the apiarian chain') collected at 4 locations. For Cs, maximum values (Bq/kg) were: soil 111, plants 149, honey 1.2, pollen loads 20.4; for Cs, maxima were 1180, 1069, 63, 155, respectively, and for K, 450, 709, 66, 232, respectively. These radioactive isotopes were not found in foraging bees. Transfer factors between each step in the chain were calculated. For Cs the factor between soil and plants visited by bees was 0.198, whereas for plants that did not attract bees it was 0.332. Levels varied in the woody species Castanea sativa, Tilia sp. and Robinia pseudoacacia. The level of honey contamination was very low. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Istituto di Difesa delle Piante, Universita degli Studi, Via Fagagna 208, 33100 Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401372 Honey/impurities/radionuclides/italy/radioactivity/Pollution. Barbattini, R., Greatti, M., Iob, M., Sabatini, A. G., Marcazzan, G. L. and Colombo, R. (1992) Apicultural interest of Metcalfa pruinosa: production and physico-chemical characteristics of honeydew honey. Apicoltore Moderno, 83(1), 5-11. Original title or source: Interesse apistico di Metcalfa pruinosa (Say): produzione e caratteristiche fisico-chimiche del miele di melata. P. Walker. M. pruinosa (Flatidae, Hemiptera), a native of North and Central America, was first reported in Italy in 1979 and has since spread widely over a large area of the Po Valley. This planthopper, which can live on a wide variety of plants, produces much honeydew in the summer at a time when there is little nectar in the area. The chemical composition and physical properties of samples of honey derived from M. pruinosa honeydew were generally similar to those of other honeydew honeys, but melezitose was present only in trace amounts. The amylase content and acidity were both high. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Dipartimento di Biologia Applicata alla Difesa delle Piante, Universita di Udine, Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400173 Metcalfa pruinosa/honeydew/excretion/Honey/composition/ characteristics. Barbattini, R. and Greatti, M. (1992) Examination of Varroa jacobsoni control in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Ape Nostra Amica, 14(6), 7-13. Original title or source: Verifica del piano di controllo di Varroa jacobsoni in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Experiences in this part of Italy, using Apistan [fluvalinate], Perizin [coumaphos], Bayvarol [flumethrin], thymol, lactic acid and formic acid are reported. Variations in levels of control are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Dipartimento di Biologia applicata alla Difesa delle Piante, Universita\gr\ degli Studi, Udine, Italy. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500298 pests/honey bees/Varroa jacobsoni/of honey bees/control methods/acaricides. Barber, K. N., Kaupp, W. J. and Holmes, S. B. (1993) Specificity testing of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Canadian Entomologist, 125(6), 1055-1066. An aqueous suspension of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Lymantria dispar, LdNPV, was fed to 3rd-instar larvae of L. dispar and 46 species of nontarget Lepidoptera in 4 successive, 24- to 48-h doses of 3 10 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) in 2 L applied to small pellets of artificial diet or the isolated surfaces of foliage. Adults of Cyrtophleba coquilletti and adult males of Megachile rotundata were assayed with a single dose of 1.2 10 PIBs in 2 L of 30% sucrose solution. Only those specimens that completely consumed the dose(s) were transferred to appropriate maintenance conditions for 7-10 days and subsequently frozen. Samples of macerates of experimental specimens were dot-blotted onto nylon membranes on which whole genomic LdNPV DNA-probing and chemiluminescence techniques were used to show the presence of LdNPV DNA. With reference to positive and negative controls, the 48 nontarget species were diagnosed as nonpermissive of LdNPV but the target species was clearly infected. This study demonstrated the high degree of host-specificity of LdNPV. Library code: 44 ref. Language: En. Author address: Environmental Research and Assessment, Forest Pest Management Institute, Forestry Canada, PO Box 490, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. P6A 5M7, Canada. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501241 insect pests/microbial pesticides/insecticides/natural enemies/biological control agents/immunoblotting/DNA/biotechnology/beneficial insects/Apidae/Hymenoptera/Tachinidae/Diptera/DNA probes/insect viruses/nuclear polyhedrosis viruses/Lepidoptera/Lymantria dispar/Cyrtophleba coquilletti/Megachile rotundata/hosts/insects/pathogens/insects/pathogenicity/viruses/Lymantria/effects. Barbier, E. (1989) Arboriculture and the decisive role of the honeybee. Ouest Apiculture(108), 8-9. Original title or source: Arboriculture et role determinant de l'abeille. Pollination of fruit trees is discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100688 Pollination/by honeybees/of fruits/Honeybees/Fruits/ Arboriculture. Barbier, E. (1990) The pollination of almond. Revue Francaise d'Apiculture(497), 283-288. Original title or source: La pollinisation de l'amandier. P. Walker. Cross-pollination in apple is discussed first, with results for 'Golden' apples. Almond flowers are self-sterile, so in order to ensure pollination a plantation should contain 23 compatible varieties (planted, for example, 1 row Ferraduel and 2 rows Ferragnes). The trees must be sufficiently spaced out to allow honey bees to fly around the trees and between rows in order to effect cross-pollination. Many hives should be introduced; in a plantation of 1000 trees in Le Gard 1 hive was provided per 50 trees aged 56 years and 1 hive per 25 trees aged 78 years. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401415 Pollination/by honey bees/of Prunus dulcis/Honey bees/Prunus dulcis. Barbier, E. (1994) What to think about pollination? Abeille de France et l'Apiculteur(792), 176-180. Original title or source: Que penser de la pollinisation?. P. Walker. This is a historical review (but without a list of references) of the development of understanding of the mechanism and importance of pollination, and the part played by honey bees. Some results of cross-pollination studies are included. Library code: Bj. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501469 Apis mellifera/pollinators/history/pollination/research/honey bees/by honey bees/botany. Barboni, E., Kemeny, D. M., Campos, S. and Vernon, C. A. (1987) The purification of acid phosphatase from honey bee venom (Apis mellifica). Toxicon, 25(10), 1097-1103. Acid phosphatase from honeybee [Apis mellifera] venom was purified by a combination of saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The final product contained less than 0.1% phospholipase A or hyaluronidase acitivity and existed in two molecular weight (96000 and 45000) forms. Acid phosphatase is a potent allergen which is capable of releasing histamine from sensitized human basophils and of inducing wheal and flare reactions in sensitized human skin. Author. Dept. Chemistry, Univ. Coll. London, London WC1, UK. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200739 Honeybee venom/acid phosphatase/purification. Barisic, D., Lulic, S., Kezic, N. and Vertacnik, A. (1992) Cs in flowers, pollen and honey from the Republic of Croatia four years after the Chernobyl accident. Apidologie, 23(1), 71-78. P. Walker. The concentration of Cs in honey samples collected in 1990 corresponded well with levels found in soil (at the nearest location sampled). However, with comparable Cs levels in soil in different areas, levels in honey were higher if the nectar sources were meadow flowers than if they were flowering shrubs and trees. Cs levels in honey were less than 1% of the maximum permitted level of 600 Bq/kg. Concentrations of Cs in pollen samples (from pollen traps) were higher than in honey. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Center for Marine Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, Croatia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400266 Honey/impurities/caesium/Pollen/radioactivity/Croatia. Barker, K. R. (1990) Beetle induced dieback at Yeoval [Australia]: an appreciation. Australasian Beekeeper, 91(11), 479. In parts of NSW, Australia, Eucalyptus and other tree species are being attacked and eventually killed by beetles, especially Christmas beetles [the scarabaeid Anoplognathus chloropyrus and related species]. Up to a quarter of live trees of some species are affected, particularly E. conica. Yellowbox, E. melliodora, is less seriously affected, although some trees are completely stripped by a small black scarab beetle, and its valuable nectar flow could be reduced. P. Walker. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200556 Honeybee forage/Australia/Eucalyptus/pests/Scarabaeidae. Barrett, S. C. H. and Helenurm, K. (1987) The reproductive biology of boreal forest herbs. I. Breeding systems and pollination. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65(10), 2036-2046. Detailed observations and experimental studies of the reproductive biology of 12 boreal forest plants were conducted over a 3-year period (19781980) in sprucefir forests of central New Brunswick. The species examined were all insect-pollinated perennials and most exhibited clonal growth. Floral syndromes of the understorey community are relatively unspecialized with many species possessing small white or green flowers. A total of 103 taxa of insects were collected from flowers during the 1979 season. Bombus spp. were the major pollinators of 5 of the 12 species. Syrphid flies, bee flies, and halictid and andrenid bees were also commonly observed. Six species were completely dependent on insects for pollination, 4 species were weakly autogamous, 1 was strongly autogamous, and 1 appeared to be apomictic. Comparisons of fruit-set and seed-set from controlled self- and cross-pollinations indicated that 4 species were strongly self-compatible, one was dioecious, and the remainder displayed varying degrees of self-incompatibility. In several species there was evidence that low pollinator service limits fruit-set. Author. Dept. Botany, Univ. Toronto, Toronto, Ont. M5S 1A1, Canada. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100027 Pollination/by insects/in forests/Insects/Forests/Flowering plants. Barrett, K. L. (1990) Development of a method to determine the toxicity of foliar residues of a bendiocarb formulation to the worker honeybee. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases. Volume 3. Thornton Heath, UK, British Crop Protection Council Publications, 993-998. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) plants were sprayed with the recommended dose of the insecticide Turcam (75% bendiocarb by wt) and leaves were collected 3 h and 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after spraying. They were cut up and placed on top of a dish of cotton wool saturated with 50% sugar syrup which was the food source for a group of 100 honey bees (Apis mellifera) in a small flight cage, 46 29 27 cm. In bees exposed to leaves collected 7 or 14 days after treatment mortality was similar to that in control groups. In bees exposed to leaves collected at 3 h, 1 day or 3 days after treatment, mortality reached 100%, 98% and 47.4%, respectively, within 48 h; mortality in control groups was 05.5%. It was observed that bees still surviving after 18 h exposure congregated away from the food dish + leaves; it is thus possible that starvation had increased mortality. It is also suggested that sprayed crops might repel honey bees. P. Walker. Environmental Sciences Department, Schering Agrochemicals Limited, Chesterford Park Research Station, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, UK. Page(s): 993-998. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300603 Toxicity/to honey bees/of bendiocarb/Honey bees/Bendiocarb/ Laboratory methods/pesticides. Barth, O. M. (1989) Pollen of Brazilian honey. Rio de Janeiro, Brazi, Grafica Luxor. Original title or source: O polen no mel brasileiro. D. G. Lowe. The first part of this book deals with pollen and describes the methods used for pollen analysis, and the dominant, secondary and rare pollens found in Brazilian honeys. The final chapter of part 1 gives descriptions of individual pollen types, arranged in alphabetical order of plant families; the pollen grains described are illustrated in 18 plates. The second part of the book describes: quantitative and qualitative pollen analysis of honey, with examples and comments; geographical differences, including honeys of Rio de Janeiro, Ceara, Bahia, Sao Paulo and southern Brazil; honeydew honey. The final part of the book includes a glossary and a bibliography with 48 references. Page(s): iv + 151 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Pt. Author address: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Caixa Postal 926, 20001 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400637 Honey/pollen analysis/Brazil. Barth, O. M. (1990) Pollen in monofloral honeys from Brazil. Journal of Apicultural Research, 29(2), 89-94. The pollen spectra of 400 honeys obtained from S, SE and NE Brazil showed that 190 of them were unifloral. The most common (and most acceptable) were honeys from Citrus, Eucalyptus, Vernonia, Compositae and Mimosaceae. When only a few of these nectariferous plants are flowering, other species are foraged upon and may yield unifloral honeys e.g. Ricinus communis, Anacardiaceae such as Schinus, Lithraea, Spondias, Astronium and Anacardium, and Rubiaceae such as Borreria verticillata. These honeys do not have such a good taste and are not popular with humans; their production is not encouraged and beekeepers often migrate their bees to other areas. Electron micrographs of 31 pollen types are presented. D. G. Lowe. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Caixa Postal 926, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Brazil. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201391 Honeybee forage/Brazil/Honey/pollen analysis/botanical composition. Bartolome, R. A. (1990) Forced ventilation of the hive. Albariza(3), 28-29, 39. Original title or source: Ventilacion forzada de la colmena 'aire acondicionado'. A system for forced ventilation, and benefits from using it, are described. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201328 Hives/microclimate/artificial ventilation. Bashford, C. L., Rodrigues, L. and Pasternak, C. A. (1989) Protection of cells against membrane damage by haemolytic agents: divalent cations and protons act at the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 983, 56-64. Melittin was one of the agents investigated. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4201074 Honeybee venom/melittin/effects/Cell membranes. Bassand, D. (1993) Right and wrong uses of fluvalinate to control varroa: studies on the risk of the appearance of resistance. Ape Nostra Amica, 15(4), 13-16. Original title or source: Corretto ed errato utilizzo del fluvalinate contro la Varroa jacobsoni: studi sui rischi di comparsa di una resistenza. Library code: Bj. Language: It. Author address: Sandoz Agro SA, Ricerche Agrobiologiche, Bale, Switzerland. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501020 honey bees/Apis mellifera/ectoparasites/Varroa jacobsoni/chemical control/fluvalinate/acaricide resistance/beneficial insects/pests/of honey bees. Bassey, I. H. (1986) Beekeeping: digest of selected literature on beekeeping, honey and beeswax processing. Lagos, Nigeria, Libriservice. The Digest contains abstracts of the information contained in 36 books, journals, reports and monographs that is applicable to beekeepers in Nigeria. The aim of the book is to stimulate and encourage readers who wish to keep bees as a hobby or for profit. It provides do-it-yourself guidelines and includes detailed descriptions of beekeeping equipment. The text is supplemented by over 40 pages of drawings. D. G. Lowe. Page(s): 203 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En\ Af. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101113 Beekeeping/Nigeria/equipment/Bibliographies/Books. Basson, I. and Reynhardt, E. C. (1988) An investigation of the structures and molecular dynamics of natural waxes: 1. Beeswax. Journal of Physics, D, 21, 1421-1428. Beeswax from a comb of Apis mellifera adansonii was studied by NMR and by X-ray powder diffraction differential scanning calorimetry and ebullioscopy. The results are compared with those already attained for synthetic Fischer-Tropsch waxes. The structure of beeswax is probably branched to a much higher degree than these waxes. The high resolution C spectrum of beeswax in the solid state shows that it closely resembles oxidized Fischer-Tropsch hard wax, but in beeswax a higher percentage of carbon atoms is involved in ester groups, and fewer in carbon-carbon double bonds. The average chain length in beeswax was determined as 40 carbon atoms. P. Walker. Department of Physics, University of South Africa, P. O. Box 392, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300645 Beeswax/structure/molecular conformation. Batenburg, A. M. (1987) Peptide-phospholipid interactions and their implications for the molecular mechanism of membrane insertion and translocation of proteins, Proefschrift van de Graad van Doctor, Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, Netherlands. This thesis contains 8 papers (previously published individually), of which 4 describe studies on melittin. The titles of these are: 'Melittin induces H phase formation in cardiolipin model membranes'; 'Lipid-specific penetration of melittin into phospholipid model membranes'; 'Interaction of melittin with negatively charged phospholipids consequences for lipid organization'; 'Melittin-induced changes of the macroscopic structure of phosphatidylethanolamines'. D. G. Lowe. Dept. Biochemistry, State Univ. Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. Page(s): 99 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4101359 Honeybee venom/melittin/effects/Phospholipids/Theses. Batra, S. W. T. (1987) Bibliography of Africanized honey bees. Beltsville MD, USA, US Department of Agriculture. lists 406 references. Page(s): 28 pp. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100508 Honeybees/races/Apis mellifera/tropical Africa/Bibliographies. Batra, S. W. T. (1989) Japanese hornfaced bees, gentle and efficient new pollinators. Pomona, 22(2), 3-5. Beneficial Insects Laboratory, USDA, Building 476, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301094 Domestication/Osmia. Batra, S. W. T. (1990) Bionomics of Evylaeus comagenensis (Knerer and Atwood) (Halictidae), a facultatively polygynous, univoltine, boreal halictine bee. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 92(4), 725-731. This species exhibits behaviour ranging from solitary to quasi-social. Nests found in the Adirondack Mountains of northern New York State, USA, were examined. This appears to be the southern limit for this species, whose distribution may be restricted by the harmful effects of summer heat and drought on its brood. Brood was found in exceptionally shallow subterranean clusters (combs) of delicate cells made from earth. Nest architecture, phenology, nest associates and sociobiology are discussed. Author. Beneficial Insects Laboratory, Bldg. 476, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301178 LASIOGLOSSUM/nests/life cycle/phenology/social behaviour. Batra, S. W. T. (1990) Bionomics of a vernal solitary bee Andrena (Scrapteropsis) alleghaniensis Viereck in the Adirondacks of New York (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 63(2), 260-266. A population of about 1500 A. alleghaniensis nests in the central Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA, was studied in 198689. Details are given of nest architecture, life cycle, nest associates and pollen foraging. Nests usually had 1 or 2 cells, and sites appeared to be chosen which received maximum sunlight. The females appeared to be oligolectic on Acer spicatum. D. G. Lowe. Beneficial Insects Lab., Building 476, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200435 Andrena/nests/life cycle/Foraging/pollen. Batra, S. W. T. (1991) Floral mimicry and insects as vectors of conidia. Mycologia Memoir(16), 93-97. J. M. Gedye. The dispersal by insects of conidia of Monilinia species is reviewed. Flies and bees have been observed visiting conidia-bearing parts of infected host plants and conidia were removed from their bodies and mouthparts. Leaves infected with M. vaccinii-corymbosi excrete a distinct fragrance and sugars, and their discoloured parts reflect UV light, causing them to resemble flowers. Foraging honey bees, solitary bees, flies and butterflies have been observed to alight on the infected leaves, lick up sugars and conidia, and transmit the conidia to flowers of the host plant. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, USDA, Building 476, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400016 Insects/vectors/Monilinia/Honey bees/Foraging/sugars. Batra, S. W. T. (1993) Male-fertile potato flowers are selectively buzz-pollinated only by Bombus terricola Kirby in upstate New York. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 66(2), 252-254. Author. Bombus terricola was the only pollinator of certified seed potatoes at 4 locations in the northern Adirondack Mountains, although 7 other bumble bee species were present. Varieties yielding stainable, fertile pollen were preferred. Foragers sonicated 1221 flowers/min. The conservation and management of selected bumble bee species are recommended, to ensure cross-pollination in potato fields. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 476, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500413 pollination/foraging/pollen/potatoes/of Solanum tuberosum/by Bombus/Bombus/Solanum tuberosum. Batra, S. W. T. (1993) Opportunistic bumble bees congregate to feed at rare, distant alpine honeydew bonanzas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 66(1), 125-127. Author. Numerous Bombus terricola workers and males were observed foraging on crystallizing honeydew that had accumulated on balsam firs (Abies balsamea) in the alpine tundra near the summit of Whiteface Mt., New York, USA, during unusually warm, dry weather in July 1982 and 1991. This honeydew is deposited by nymphs and adults of balsam twig aphids, Mindarinus [Mindarus] abietinus. Observations on other vegetation in the area indicated that the bees were flying long distances to exploit this energy-rich resource. The implications for optimal foraging theory are discussed. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 476, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500436 foraging/Bombus/honeydew/Abies/Mindarus abietinus/excretion. Batra, S. W. T., Sakagami, S. F. and Maeta, Y. (1993) Behaviour of the Indian allodapine bee Braunsapis kaliago, a social parasite in the nests of B. mixta (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 66(3), 345-360. Author. These are the first observations of the behaviour of any allodapine social parasite. Both sexes of Braunsapis kaliago live in solitary and social nests of B. mixta in NW India. Direct intranest observations revealed that female B. kaliago may functionally replace host queens. Parasites usually avoided encounters with hosts by 'freezing' behaviour and by quietly resting near the brood. Dominance was sometimes asserted by means of oophagy, and by several specialized agonistic behaviours which were enhanced by structural modifications. Established females became unable to fly effectively, and if pushed out of nests by hosts they could not return. One parasite evidently was killed by hosts. Parasites relied on host food stores deposited on nest walls or on larvae, and they also aggressively solicited food by trophallaxis from hosts. Both hosts and parasites groomed their brood. They removed and ate chorions during hatching, a behaviour unknown in other oviparous animals. Larvae were fed by the ventral deposition of provisions by hosts and parasites. Adult-larval trophallaxis by both species was also seen. This is unknown among other bees. Braunsapis kaliago retains most brood-rearing behaviours but has lost the abilities to construct nests and to forage. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 476, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500754 Braunsapis kaliago/Braunsapis mixta/parasites/agonistic behaviour/trophallaxis/larvae/nests/queens/feeding/Braunsapis/parasitism/by Braunsapis/Braunsapis/parasitism by/Braunsapis/life cycle. Batra, S. W. T. (1993) India's buzzy biodiversity of bees. Current Science, 65(3), 277-280. Author. The historical background of research on the bees (Apoidea) of India is reviewed, with 16 references. Current knowledge is compared with that in other parts of the world. Recommendations for further research in India are made, with suggestions regarding the conservation of bee species and the management of their populations to benefit both agriculture and wildlife in India. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Author address: Bee Research Laboratory, Bldg. 476, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4501178 beneficial insects/pollinators/conservation/Apidae/Apoidea/India. Batson, J. D., Hoban, J. S. and Bitterman, M. E. (1992) Simultaneous conditioning in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 106(2), 114-119. Author. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) were classically conditioned with odour as conditioned stimulus (CS), sucrose as unconditioned stimulus (US), and proboscis extension as response. The purpose of one experiment was to look for facilitation of forward conditioning by CS-US overlap, but rapid conditioning without overlap left little room for improvement. In 2 further experiments, CS and US were simultaneous, and response to odour alone was measured in subsequent tests. In the second experiment, a simultaneous group responded more to the training odour than did an unpaired control group. In the third experiment, a differentially conditioned simultaneous group responded more to an odour paired with sucrose in training than to an odour presented alone. The implications of the results for the problem of the role of amount of reward in honey bee learning are considered. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500505 honey bees/behaviour/odours/conditioning/Apis mellifera. Battesti, M. J. (1990) Contribution to Mediterranean melissopalynology: Corsican honeys, These, Docteur en Science, Universite d'Aix-Marseille III, France. Original title or source: Contribution a la melissopalynologie mediterraneenne les miels corses. A reference pollen collection of 400 species belonging to 265 genera and 65 families was established for use in identifying pollens found in honeys; both fresh and acetolysed pollens were used. An analysis was made of 112 honey samples collected from fixed and migratory apiaries during a 3-year study in the major regions of Corsica. In total, 111 taxa from 56 families were identified, and a comparative analysis was made of their frequency distributions. The best represented taxa (relative pollen values and occurrence frequency) were Castanea sativa, Erica arborea, Cistus creticus, Quercus ilex and Cistus monspeliensis (recorded in over 90% of samples), followed by Lavandula stoechas, Rubus sp., Anthyllis hermanniae, Jasione montana, Fraxinus ornus, Salix sp. and Lotus sp. Six types of honey were defined, based on their pollen contents; 4 were essentially related to the proportions of Castanea and Erica, whereas 2 were composite mixtures of different pollens. The results indicate that Corsican honeys can be differentiated by the presence of 5 'indicator' taxa (Helleborus argutifolius, Thymus herba-barona, Stachys glutinos, Anthyllis hermanniae and Cytinus hypocistis) and the absence of any taxon that characterizes other Mediterranean honeys; the presence of pollen assemblages of biogeographically different taxa can complement characterization. Physico-chemical analyses, used to confirm the types of honey established by pollen analysis, are also described. Quality criteria are discussed in relation to European standards, and a regional trademark for Corsican honeys is proposed. D. G. Lowe. Faculte des Sciences et Techniques de Saint-Jerome, Laboratoire de Botanique Historique et Palynologie, BP 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 13, France. Page(s): 378 pp. Library code: Bdo. Language: Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4301005 Honey/pollen analysis/Honey bee forage/France/Corsica/ composition/characteristics/Theses. Batuev, Y. M. and Avetisyan, G. M. (1987) Viral diseases of honeybees in the USSR. Byulleten Vesoyuznogo Instituta Eksperimental'noi Veterinarii, 63, 47-48. Library code: Bb. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100573 Viral diseases/honeybees/honeybee brood/diseases/viruses/USSR. Batuev, Y. M., Avetisyan, G. M., Marchenko, E. V., Grobov, O. F., Guzeva, L. N. and Olonikov, A. M. (1989) A co-agglutination reaction for diagnosing infectious diseases of honeybees. Veterinariya, Moscow, USSR(6), 32-33. Library code: Bc. Language: Ru. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100567 Diseases/honeybees/diagnosis/agglutination tests. Bauer, P. J. (1986) Bumblebee pollination on a southern Appalachian grass bald and narcotic nectar in Angelica triquinata (Apiaceae), PhD Thesis, University of North Carolina, USA. On Round Bald, northeast of Roan Mt. in the southern Appalachians, 12 species of Bombus, and a large number of honeybees, were collected while foraging for pollen and/or nectar on Angelica triquinata, Houstonia serpyllifolia, Hypericum mitchellianum, Kalmia latifolia, Potentilla tridentata, Prenanthes roanensis, Rhododendron catawbiense, R. maximum, Rubus allegheniensis, Stachy latidens and Vaccinium constablaei. The great range of proboscis lengths within castes of the same species, the co-existence of bumble bee species of similar labium length in the study area, the diversity and overlap of insect taxa on plant species, and the limited array of corolla tube depths available to pollinators at a given time, all cast doubt on the importance of labium length as a factor shaping bumble bee/plant community structure. Foragers on A. triquinata included Apis mellifera, 10 Bombus species, and a lesser number of other Hymenoptera and Diptera. Many of the nectar-foraging bees appeared lethargic on Angelica umbels and unable to fly for up to 3 minutes when brushed to the ground. Upon re-orientation the insects typically returned to the same or a nearby umbel. Angelica nectar offered alongside an equivalent sugar solution in micropipette feeders attracted a significantly greater number of visitors than did the sugar solution. Experiments with insect exclosures showed that large-bodied insects are the most important pollinators. It is suggested that A. triquinata may encourage visits from these pollinators by producing an habituating substance within its nectar. Author. Dept. Botany, Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA. Page(s): 84 pp. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200073 Theses/Bombus/pollination/by Bombus/of Angelica/Angelica/foraging/honeybees/Poisoning/of honeybees/by nectar/ of Bombus/Nectar. Bauer, M. H. (1991) Preliminary results of sowing plants as pasture for bees on former ploughland. Apidologie, 22(4), 428-430. Original title or source: [Summary]. As part of the European Community programme for the reduction of cultivated land, Baden-Wurttemberg in Germany encourages the sowing of plants for bees on land previously ploughed. Trials were made with various plant mixtures, and the following seed mixture is recommended (per ha): 3 kg Phacelia, 2 kg Fagopyrum, 0.5 kg each of Sinapis, Raphanus and Helianthus, and 0.25 kg each of Borago, Centaurea and Malva. P. Walker. LS Entwicklungsphysiologie, Zoologisches Institut, Universitat Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 7400 Tubingen, Germany. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4300529 Honey bee forage/planting/Germany. Bauer, V. and Ito, Y. (1991) Effect of potassium channel blocking agents on the actions of phenylephrine in rabbit taenia caeci. General Physiology and Biophysics, 10(2), 111-124. D. G. Lowe. Apamine, from honey bee venom, was one of the blocking agents used in this study of smooth muscle membranes. Library code: Ba. Language: En. Author address: Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84216 Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500343 honey bee venom/apamin/effects/smooth muscle/physiology/muscles. Bauer, M. and Engels, W. (1992) The utilization of the pasture for bees on former ploughland by wild bees. Apidologie, 23(4), 340-342. Original title or source: [Summary]. P. Walker. Bees were recorded on flowers of annual plants sown in plots of 1020 ha in set-aside fields; they included Bombus (7 species), Psithyrus and several species of Andrena, Sphecodes, Hylaeus, and species of Halictidae. No competition between any of these species, or with honey bees, was observed; the population density of wild bees was high on plots next to an apiary. Bombus spp. preferred Phacelia; the other wild bees preferred Apiaceae, especially Coriandrum sativum, but visited several species. The plant mixture recommended for the summer gap in nectar flow consists of 40% P. tanacetifolia, 25% Fagopyrum esculentum, 7% Sinapis alba, 6% C. sativum and smaller amounts of 7 other species. Library code: Bj. Language: En\ De\ Fr. Author address: LS Entwicklungsphysiologie, Zoologisches Institut, Universitat Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 7400 Tubingen, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400378 Honey bee forage/planting/seed mixtures/Agriculture/ecology/ Apoidea/foraging. Baumann, O. and Walz, B. (1989) Topography of Ca-sequestering endoplasmic reticulum in photoreceptors and pigmented glial cells in the compound eye of the honeybee drone. Cell and Tissue Research, 255, 511-522. Drone honeybees were obtained from Israel and kept in the dark for up to 3 weeks. Preparations of retinal slices were made from the eyes of drones decapitated in red light, which elicits no electrical response of the retinula cells. Microphotometric measurements of Ca uptake and light and electron microscopy showed that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the photoreceptors is highly differentiated and morphologically more complex than suggested by previous studies. In addition to the prominent voluminous submicrovillar cisternae of the ER, there is a submitochondrial ER which separates the mitochondria-containing periphery from the core of the cell. The cell core contains many fenestrated ER cisternae that are horizontally and periodically arranged. All parts of the ER appear to accumulate Ca actively and with high affinity. The results confirm previous suggestions that the submicrovillar ER is the major intracellular Ca store in the photoreceptors. The submitochondrial ER is thought to participate in Ca regulation. An extensive, morphologically complex Ca-sequestering ER in the pigmented glial cells, which might participate in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, is also described. D. G. Lowe. Inst. Zoologie, Univ. Regensburg, Universitatsstr. 31, Postfach 397, D-8400 Regensburg, German Federal Republic. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100492 Drone honeybees/compound eye/cytology. Baumann, O. and Walz, B. (1989) Calcium- and inositol polyphosphate-sensitivity of the calcium-sequestering endoplasmic reticulum in the photoreceptor cells of the honeybee drone. Journal of Comparative Physiology, A, 165, 627-636. P. Walker. Using a microphotometer, calcium oxalate formation was measured in the Ca-sequestering endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of permeabilized drone retinal slices. The kinetics of Ca uptake and the properties of Ca release induced by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)-P) were also studied. The resulting data show that the ER in invertebrate photoreceptor cells is an effective Ca sink and a souce of Ins (1,4,5)P-sensitive Ca. These results support the idea that the ER network close to the photoreceptive membrane the submicrovillar cisternae are the light- and Ins(1,4,5)P-sensitive Ca stores. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Zoologie, Universitat Regensburg, 8400 Regensburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400136 Drone honey bees/compound eyes/endoplasmic reticulum/calcium ions/inositol phosphates. Baumann, O., Kitazawa, T. and Somlyo, A. P. (1990) Laser confocal scanning microscopy of the surface membrane/T-tubular system and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in insect striated muscle stained with DiIC(3). Journal of Structural Biology, 105(1-3), 154-161. Author. The structure of the surface membrane/transverse tubular (T-tubular) system and of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of the labial adductor muscle of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) was examined by laser confocal scanning microscopy, after staining with the fluorescent membrane probe DiIC(3). The components of the system are described. The study demonstrates the advantages of the laser confocal microscope and lipophilic fluorescent dyes for studying the structure of cellular membrane systems. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Zoologie, Universitat Regensburg, Universitatstrasse 31, 8400 Regensburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500145 honey bees/muscles/ultrastructure. Baumann, O., Walz, B., Somlyo, A. V. and Somlyo, A. P. (1991) Electron probe microanalysis of calcium release and magnesium uptake by endoplasmic reticulum in bee photoreceptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88, 741-744. Author. Drone honey bee photoreceptors contain large sacs of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that can be located unequivocally in freeze-dried cryosections. The elemental composition of the ER was determined by electron probe X-ray microanalysis and was visualized in high-resolution X-ray maps. In the ER of dark-adapted photoreceptors, the Ca concentration was 47.5<+->1.1 mmol/kg (dry weight). During a 3-s non-saturating light stimulus, about 50% of the Ca content was released from the ER. Light stimulation also caused a highly significant increase in the Mg content of the ER; the ratio of Mg uptake to Ca released was about 0.7. The results show unambiguously that the ER is the source of Ca release during cell stimulation and suggest that Mg can nearly balance the charge movement of Ca. Library code: Bc. Language: En. Author address: Institut fur Zoologie, Universitat Regensburg, Universitatsstrasse 31, 8400 Regensburg, Germany. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4400135 Drone honey bees/compound eyes/endoplasmic reticulum/calcium ions/magnesium ions. Baumgartner, D. L. and Roubik, D. W. (1989) Ecology of necrophilous and filth-gathering stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponinae) of Peru. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 62(1), 11-22. Collections on animal faeces and carrion baits during the wet and dry seasons in central Peru yielded 724 stingless bees representing 33 species; 13 species are recorded as new to Peru. Bees were distributed below 1600 m on the wet eastern Andean slope, the majority appearing at 200 m, and were absent on the drier western slope. Fewer bee species were captured at baits during the dry season than the wet, and near dense human settlements than pristine jungle sites. Decaying fish proved to be the most attractive bait, followed by human faeces, liver, dog faeces, and fruit in descending order of attraction. The diurnal activity of all bees on such baits in the lower jungle peaked at 12.00 h and 31C under a partly cloudy sky, then declined abruptly at 36 in direct sunlight. The staggered succession of the diurnal activity of 3 meliponine species is documented. Although stingless bees visit foodstuffs and excrement, their role as disseminators of disease pathogens is considered minimal because of their asynanthropic nature, and the anti-microbial properties of their glandular secretions and nest building materials. Observations of rapid bee reduction of carrion and aggression towards blowflies (Calliphoridae) suggested that stingless bees are intense competitors of blowflies for carrion resources in asynanthropic areas of the Neotropical lower jungle. Author. Northwest Mosquito Abatement Distict, 147 W. Hintz Rd., Wheeling, IL 60090, USA. Library code: Bj. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4100085 Meliponinae/necrophagy/Foraging/faeces/carrion. Bautz, R. A. and Coggins, J. R. (1992) Scanning electron microscopy of female Varroa jacobsoni (Arthropoda: Acarina), ectoparasite of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 111(1), 28-35. Author. Adult female V. jacobsoni were collected from infested Apis mellifera in Wisconsin, USA, during autumn and winter of 198788 and were examined by SEM. Bee colonies were infested heavily; up to 6 mites per host were recorded. Adult female mites were flattened and had a dome-shaped dorsal shield. The flat ventral surface was composed of a series of plates. A unique respiratory structure was found, as well as 4 types of setae. The legs appeared to be modified for ectoparasitism and each was tipped by one of 2 types of distal empodia. The mouthparts appeared to be well modified for the mite's diet of bee haemolymph, and apparently are unique to this species. Twelve electron micrographs showing these features are presented. Library code: Bb. Language: En. Author address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukie, WI 53201, USA. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500284 Varroa jacobsoni/morphology/pests/honey bees/of honey bees. Bayon, J. (1992) Beekeeping in Brittany. Lesneven, France, Mouladuriou Hor Yezh. Original title or source: Sevel gwenan e breizh. J. Bayon. This book deals with traditional and modern beekeeping in Brittany. It includes a selection of articles written by Breton beekeepers between 1900 and the 1930s, with the aim of improving beekeeping. The author points out the importance of the introduction of buckwheat [Fagopyrum] in the 14th century. Until the 1950s it remained the main source of honey, which was dark and strong-flavoured and much sought after for gingerbread and mead making. Honey was exported to Norway, Netherlands, Belgium and Spain. There was also a great demand for Brittany's beeswax for use in candles and perfumes. The book concludes with a Breton beekeeping vocabulary, riddles, proverbs and a list of books and articles about bees written in the Breton language. The text is illustrated by many drawings and photographs. Page(s): 135 pp. Library code: Bd. Language: Breton. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4500483 beekeeping/history/books. Bazzo, R., Tappin, M. J., Pastore, A., Harvey, T. S., Carver, J. A. and Campbell, I. D. (1988) The structure of melittin: proton NMR study in methanol. European Journal of Biochemistry, 173(1), 139-146. NMR spectroscopy of melittin showed that its structure is mainly helical. Language: En. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4200737 Honeybee venom/melittin/structure. Bazzurro, D. (1992) Beekeeping in the Eastern Republic of Uruguay. Apicultura Moderna(4), 9-15. Original title or source: Apicultura en la Republica Oriental del Uruguay. P. Walker. The number of honey bee colonies in Uruguay increased to 200000 by 1988 and remained at this level in 1989 and 1990. However, honey production, which was 6500 t in 1988, decreased to about 4000 t in 1990. The beekeeping regions of the country are described, and constraints to beekeeping development are discussed. In 1990, estimated wax production was 83.5111.3 t, and 3.5 t was exported. Propolis was also exported (4.2 t). Figures for 1982 show that 49% (306) of beekeepers each had 1050 colonies; only 6 beekeepers kept 1000 or more colonies. Library code: Bj. Language: Es. Author address: Sociedad Apicola Uruguaya, Av. Uruguay 864, Montevideo 11.100, Uruguay. Apicultural Abstracts from IBRA: 4401162 Beekeeping/Uruguay. Beaudet, M. (1989) Honeybee venom allergy. Prevention and treatment. 2. The sting apparatus and venom of honeybees. Bulletin Technique Apicole, 16(3), 171-181. Original title or source: L'allergie au venin d'abeille. Prevention et traitement. II. La piqure et le venin des abeilles. Library code: