Allport, G. W. & Postman, L. 1947 The psychology of rumor. Oxford, UK: Henry Holt.

Aoki, K., Wakano, J. Y. & Feldman, M. W. 2005 The emergence of social learning in a temporally changing environment. Curr. Anthropol. 46, 334-340. (doi:10.1086/ 428791)

Arnold, S. J., Pfrender, M. E. & Jones, A. G. 2001 The adaptive landscape as a conceptual bridge between microand macroevolution. Genetica 112-113, 9-32. (doi:10. 1023/A:1013373907708)

Atran, S. 1998 Folk biology and the anthropology of science. Behav. Brain Sci. 21, 547-609.

Atran, S. 2001 The trouble with memes. Hum. Nat. 12, 351-381. (doi:10.1007/s12110-001-1003-0)

Bandura, A. 1977 Social learning theory. Oxford, UK: Prentice-Hall.

Bangerter, A. 2000 Transformation between scientific and social representations of conception. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 39, 521-535. (doi:10.1348/014466600164615)

Barrett, J. L. & Nyhof, M. A. 2001 Spreading non-natural concepts: the role of intuitive conceptual structures in memory and transmission of cultural materials. J. Cogn. Cult. 1, 69-100. (doi:10.1163/156853701300063589)

Bartlett, F. C. 1932 Remembering. Oxford, UK: Macmillan.

Basalla, G. 1988 The evolution of technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Baum, W. M., Richerson, P. J., Efferson, C. M. & Paciotti, B. M. 2004 Cultural evolution in laboratory microsocieties including traditions of rule giving and rule following. Evol. Hum. Behav. 25, 305-326. (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.05.003)

Bettinger, R. L. & Eerkens, J. 1999 Point typologies, cultural transmission, and the spread of bow-and-arrow technology in the prehistoric Great Basin. Am. Antiq. 64, 231-242. (doi:10.2307/2694276)

Blackmore, S. 1999 The meme machine. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Bond, R. & Smith, P. B. 1996 Culture and conformity: a meta-analysis of studies using Asch's (1952b, 1956) line judgment task. Psychol. Bull. 119, 111-137. (doi:10.1037/ 0033-2909.119.1.111)

Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. 1985 Culture and the evolutionary process. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. 1995 Why does culture increase human adaptability? Ethol. Sociobiol. 16, 125-143. (doi:10.1016/0162-3095(94)00073-G)

Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. 1996 Why culture is common, but cultural evolution is rare. Proc. Br. Acad. 88, 77-93.

Boyd, R., Gintis, H., Bowles, S. & Richerson, P. J. 2003 The evolution of altruistic punishment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 3531-3535. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0630443100)

Boyer, P. 1994 The naturalness of religious ideas. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A. 1988 Machiavellian intelligence. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.

Caldwell, C. A. & Millen, A. E. 2008a Experimental models for testing hypotheses about cumulative cultural evolution. Evol. Hum. Behav. 29, 165-171. (doi:10. 1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.12.001)

Caldwell, C. A. & Millen, A. E. 2008b Studying cumulative cultural evolution in the laboratory. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 3529-3539. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0133)

Campbell, D. T. 1974 Evolutionary epistemology. In The philosophy of Karl Popper (ed. P. A. Schilpp), pp. 413-463. La Salle, IL: Open Court.

Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. & Feldman, M. W. 1981 Cultural transmission and evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Claidiere, N. & Sperber, D. 2007 The role of attraction in cultural evolution. J. Cogn. Cult. 7, 89-111. (doi:10.1163/ 156853707X171829)

Darwin, C. 1859/1968 The origin of species. London, UK: Penguin.

Dunbar, R. 2003 The social brain. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 32, 163-181. (doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093158)

Efferson, C., Richerson, P., McElreath, R., Lubell, M., Edsten, E., Waring, T., Paciotti, B. & Baum, W. 2007 Learning, productivity, and noise: an experimental study of cultural transmission on the Bolivian Altiplano. Evol. Hum. Behav. 28, 11-17. (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav. 2006.05.005)

Efferson, C., Lalive, R., Richerson, P. J., McElreath, R. & Lubell, M. 2008 Conformists and mavericks: the empirics of frequency-dependent cultural transmission. Evol. Hum. Behav. 29, 56-64. (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav. 2007.08.003)

Fenstermacher, S. K. & Saudino, K. J. 2007 Toddler see, toddler do? Genetic and environmental influences on laboratory-assessed elicited imitation. Behav. Genet. 37, 639-647. (doi:10.1007/s10519-007-9160-5)

Flynn, E. G. 2008 Investigating children as cultural magnets: do young children transmit redundant information along diffusion chains? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 363, 3541-3551. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0136)

Gerard, R. W., Kluckhohn, C. & Rapoport, A. 1956 Biological and cultural evolution. Behav. Sci. 1, 6-34.

Griffiths, T. L., Christian, B. R. & Kalish, M. L. 2008 Using category structures to test iterated learning as a method for identifying inductive biases. Cogn. Sci. 32, 68-107. (doi:10.1080/03640210701801974)

Griffiths, T. L., Kalish, M. L. & Lewandowsky, S. 2008 Theoretical and empirical evidence for the impact of inductive biases on cultural evolution. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 3503-3514. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0146)

Gurerk, O., Irlenbusch, B. & Rockenbach, B. 2006 The competitive advantage of sanctioning institutions. Science 312, 108-111. (doi:10.1126/science.1123633)

Hall, K. R. L. 1951 The effect of names and titles upon the serial reproduction of pictorial and verbal material. Br. J. Psychol. 41, 109-121.

Hartl, D. L. & Clark, A. G. 1997 Principles of population genetics. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

Heath, C., Bell, C. & Sternberg, E. 2001 Emotional selection in memes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 81, 1028-1041. (doi:10. 1037/0022-3514.81.6.1028)

Henrich, J. & Boyd, R. 1998 The evolution of conformist transmission and the emergence of between-group differences. Evol. Hum. Behav. 19, 215-241. (doi:10. 1016/S1090-5138(98)00018-X)

Henrich, J. & Boyd, R. 2002 On modeling cognition and culture: why cultural evolution does not require replication of representations. J. Cogn. Cult. 2, 87-112. (doi:10. 1163/156853702320281836)

Henrich, J. et al. 2005 `Economic Man' in cross-cultural perspective. Behav. Brain Sci. 28, 795-855.

Hewlett, B., De Silvestri, A. & Guglielmino, C. R. 2002 Semes and genes in Africa. Curr. Anthropol. 43, 313-321. (doi:10.1086/339379)

Hopper, L. M., Spiteri, A., Lambeth, S. P., Schapiro, S., Horner, V. & Whiten, A. 2007 Experimental studies of traditions and underlying transmission processes in chimpanzees. Anim. Behav. 73, 1021-1032. (doi:10. 1016/j.anbehav.2006.07.016)

Insko, C. A., Thibaut, J. W., Moehle, D., Wilson, M., Diamond, W. D., Gilmore, R., Solomon, M. R. & Lipsitz, A. 1980 Social evolution and the emergence of leadership. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 39, 431-448. (doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.39.3.431)

Insko, C. A., Gilmore, R., Drenan, S., Lipsitz, A., Moehle, D. & Thibaut, J. W. 1983 Trade versus expropriation in open groups. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 44, 977-999. (doi:10.1037/ 0022-3514.44.5.977)

Jacobs, R. C. & Campbell, D. T. 1961 The perpetuation of an arbitrary tradition through several generations of a laboratory microculture. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 62, 649-658. (doi:10.1037/h0044182)

Kalish, M. L., Griffiths, T. L. & Lewandowsky, S. 2007 Iterated learning: intergenerational knowledge transmission reveals inductive biases. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 14, 288-294.

Kameda, T. & Nakanishi, D. 2002 Cost-benefit analysis of social/cultural learning in a nonstationary uncertain environment. Evol. Hum. Behav. 23, 373-393. (doi:10. 1016/S1090-5138(02)00101-0)

Kameda, T. & Nakanishi, D. 2003 Does social/cultural learning increase human adaptability? Evol. Hum. Behav. 24, 242-260. (doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00015-1)

Kashima, Y. 2000 Maintaining cultural stereotypes in the serial reproduction of narratives. Pers. Soc. Psychol. B. 26, 594-604. (doi:10.1177/0146167200267007)

Lakoff, R. 1975 Language and woman's place. New York, NY: Harper & Row.

Laland, K. N. 2004 Social learning strategies. Learn. Behav. 32, 4-14.

Mackintosh, N. 1983 Conditioning and associative learning. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Marshall-Pescini, S. & Whiten, A. 2008 Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and the question of cumulative culture. Anim. Cogn. 11, 449-456. (doi:10.1007/s10071-007-0135-y)

Maxwell, R. S. 1936 Remembering in different social groups. Br. J. Psychol. 27, 30-40.

Mayr, E. & Provine, W. 1980 The evolutionary synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

McElreath, R., Lubell, M., Richerson, P. J., Waring, T. M., Baum, W., Edsten, E., Efferson, C. & Paciotti, B. 2005 Applying evolutionary models to the laboratory study of social learning. Evol. Hum. Behav. 26, 483-508. (doi:10. 1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.04.003)

McEwen, F., HappeŽ, F., Bolton, P., Rijsdijk, F., Ronald, A., Dworzynski, K. & Plomin, R. 2007 Origins of individual differences in imitation. Child Dev. 78, 474-492. (doi:10. 1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01010.x)

Mesoudi, A. 2007 Using the methods of experimental social psychology to study cultural evolution. J. Soc. Evol. Cult. Psychol. 1, 35-58.

Mesoudi, A. 2008a A Darwinian theory of cultural evolution can promote an evolutionary synthesis for the social sciences. Biol. Theor. 2, 263-275. (doi:10.1162/biot.2007. 2.3.263)

Mesoudi, A. 2008b An experimental simulation of the "copysuccessful-individuals" cultural learning strategy: adaptive landscapes, producer-scrounger dynamics, and informational access costs. Evol. Hum. Behav. 29, 350-363. (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.04.005)

Mesoudi, A. & O'Brien, M. J. 2008 The cultural transmission of Great Basin projectile point technology I: an experimental simulation. Am. Antiq. 73, 3-28.

Mesoudi, A. & O'Brien, M. J. 2008 The cultural transmission of Great Basin projectile point technology II: an agentbased computer simulation. Am. Antiq 21, 350-363. (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.04.005)

Mesoudi, A. & Whiten, A. 2004 The hierarchical transformation of event knowledge in human cultural transmission. J. Cogn. Cult. 4, 1-24. (doi:10.1163/15685370 4323074732)

Mesoudi, A., Whiten, A. & Laland, K. N. 2004 Is human cultural evolution Darwinian? Evolution 58, 1-11. (doi:10. 1554/03-212)

Mesoudi, A., Whiten, A. & Dunbar, R. I. M. 2006a A bias for social information in human cultural transmission. Br. J. Psychol. 97, 405-423. (doi:10.1348/000712605X 85871)

Mesoudi, A., Whiten, A. & Laland, K. N. 2006b Towards a unified science of cultural evolution. Behav. Brain Sci. 29, 329-383. (doi:10.1017/S0140525X06009083)

Nairne, J. S., Pandeirada, J. N. S. & Thompson, S. R. 2008 Adaptive memory: the comparative value of survival processing. Psychol. Sci. 19, 176-180. (doi:10.1111/ j.1467-9280.2008.02064.x)

Norenzayan, A., Atran, S., Faulkner, J. & Schaller, M. 2006 Memory and mystery: the cultural selection of minimally counterintuitive narratives. Cogn. Sci. 30, 531-553. (doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_68)

Northway, M. L. 1936 The influence of age and social group on children's remembering. Br. J. Psychol. 27, 11-29.

O'Brien, M. J. & Lyman, R. L. 2002 Evolutionary archeology. Evol. Anthropol. 11, 26-36. (doi:10.1002/evan.10007)

Plotkin, H. 1994 Darwin machines and the nature of knowledge. London, UK: Penguin.

Richerson, P. J. & Boyd, R. 2005 Not by genes alone. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Rogers, A. 1988 Does biology constrain culture? Am. Anthropol. 90, 819-831. (doi:10.1525/aa.1988.90.4.02a0 0030)

Rose, E. & Felton, W. 1955 Experimental histories of culture. Am. Sociol. Rev. 20, 383-392. (doi:10.2307/2092735)

Rubin, D. C. 1995 Memory in oral traditions. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Schotter, A. & Sopher, B. 2003 Social learning and coordination conventions in intergenerational games. J. Pol. Econ. 111, 498-529. (doi:10.1086/374187)

Sherif, M. 1936 The psychology of social norms. Oxford, UK: Harper.

Skroblin, A. & Blows, M. W. 2006 Measuring natural and sexual selection on breeding values of male display traits in Drosophila serrata. J. Evol. Biol. 19, 35-41. (doi:10.1111/ j.1420-9101.2005.00986.x)

Sperber, D. 1996 Explaining culture. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Sperber, D. 2000 Why memes won't do. In Darwinizing culture (ed. R. Aunger), pp. 163-174. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Sperber, D. & Hirschfeld, L. 2004 The cognitive foundations of cultural stability and diversity. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 42-46. (doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.002)

Tomasello, M. 1999 The cultural origins of human cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Want, S. C. & Harris, P. L. 2002 How do children ape? Dev. Sci. 5, 1-13. (doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00194)

Ward, T. H. G. 1949 An experiment on serial reproduction with special reference to the changes in the design of early coin types. Br. J. Psychol. 39, 142-147.

Whiten, A. In press. Coming of age for cultural panthropology. In The mind of the chimpanzee (eds E. Lonsdorf, S. Ross & T. Matsuzawa). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Whiten, A. & Mesoudi, A. 2008 Establishing an experimental science of culture: animal social diffusion experiments. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 3477-3488. (doi:10.1098/rstb. 2008.0134)

Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C. E. G., Wrangham, R. W. & Boesch, C. 1999 Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399, 682-685. (doi:10.1038/21415)

Whiten, A., Horner, V., Litchfield, C. & Marshall-Pescini, S. 2004 How do apes ape? Learn. Behav. 32, 36-52.

Zucker, L. G. 1977 The role of institutionalization in cultural persistence. Am. Sociol. Rev. 42, 726-743. (doi:10.2307/ 2094862)