Adami, C., R. K. Belew, H. Kitano and C. E. Taylor (1998). Artificial Life Vi. In Artificial Life VI, UCLA, MIT Press.

Adamska-Sa aciak, A. (1997). Sound Laws: Reactions Past and Present. In Historical Linguiustics 1997. M. S. Schmid, J. R. Austin and D. Stein (Eds.). Amsterdam, John Benjamins: 1-13.

Aiello, L. C. (1996). Terrestriality, Bipedalism, and the Origin of Language. In Evolution of Social Behaviour Patterns in Primates and Man (Proceedings of the British Academy 88). E. G. Runciman, J. Maynard-Smith and D. R.I.M. (Eds.). Oxford, Oxford University Press: 269-289.

Aiello, L. C. (2002). Fossil and Other Evidence for the Origin of Language. In J. Hurford and T. Fitch (Eds.), proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Evolution of Language, Harvard University, Cambridge, M.A., U.S.A.: 2.

Aitchison, J. (1991). Language Change: Progress or Decay?, Cambridge University Press.

Aitchison, J. (1998). On Discontinuing the Continuity-Discontinuity Debate. In Approaches to the Evolution of Language. J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert- Kennedy and C. Knight (Eds.), Cambridge University Press: 17-29.

Anderson, H. (1973). Abductive and Deductive Change. Language 49: 765-93.

Arita, T. and Y. Koyama (1998). Evolution of Linguistic Diversity in a Simple Communication System. In C. Adami, R. K. Belew, H. Kitano and C. E. Taylor (Eds.), Artificial Life IV, UCLA, MIT Press: 9-17.

Arita, T. and C. E. Taylor (1996). A Simple Model for the Evolution of Communication. In L. J. Fogel, P. J. Angeline and T. Bäck (Eds.), Evolutionary Programming V, MIT Press: 405-409.

Armstrong, D. F., W. C. Stokoe and S. E. Wilcox (1994). Signs of the Origin of Syntax. Current Antropology 35(4): 349-368.

Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. New York, Basic Books.

Axelrod, R. (1997a). The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent Based Models of Competition and Collaboration. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University press.

Axelrod, R. (1997b). The Dissemination of Culture: A Model with Local Convergence and Global Polarization. Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (1997): 203-226.

Barlow, H. B. (2001). Redundancy Reduction Revisited. Network: Computation in Neural Systems 12: 241-253.

Batali, J. (1994). Innate Biases and Critical Periods: Combining Evolution and Learning in the Acquisition of Syntax. In R. Brooks and P. Maes (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth Artificial Life Workshop, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press: 160-171.

Batali, J. (1998). Computational Simulations of the Emergence of Grammar. In Approaches to the Evolution of Language. J. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy and C. Knight (Eds.), Cambridge University Press: 405-426.

Bates, E. and J. C. Goodman (1999). On the Emergence of Grammar from the Lexicon. In The Emergence of Language. B. MacWhinney (Ed.). Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 29-80.

Baugh, A. C. and T. Cable (1978). A History of the English Language. London, Routledge.

Belew, R. K., J. McInerney and N. N. Schraudolph (1991). Evolving Networks: Using the Genetic Algorithm with Connectionist Learning. In Artificial Life II. C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Addison- Wesley.

Bennet, S., S. McRobb and R. Farmer (2001). Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design Using Uml, McGraw-Hill.

Bichakjian, B. H. (1999). Language Evolution and the Complexity Criterion. Psycoloquy 10(33).

Bickerton, D. (1981). Roots of Language. Ann Arbor, Michegan, Karoma.

Bickerton, D. (1984). The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7: 173-221.

Bickerton, D. (1990). Species and Language. Chicago, Chicago University Press.

Brighton, H. and S. Kirby (2001). The Survival of the Smallet: Stability Conditions for the Cultural Evolution of Compositional Language. In J. Kelmen and P. Susik (Eds.), 5th European Conference on Artificial Life, Prague, Published in Advances in Artificial Life, Springer, Berlin: 592-601.

Briscoe, E. J. (2000a). Evolutionary Perspectives on Diachronic Syntax. In Diachronic Syntax: Models and Mechanisms. S. Pintzuk, G. Tsoulas and A. Warner (Eds.). Oxford, Oxford University Press: 75-108.

Briscoe, E. J. (2000b). Grammatical Acquisition: Inductive Bias and Coevolution of Language and the Language Acquisition Device. Language 76(2): 245-296.

Briscoe, E. J. (2000c). Macro and Micro Models of Linguistic Evolution. In J.-L. Dessalles and L. Ghadapkpour (Eds.), The Evolution of Language, 3rd International Conference, Paris: 27-29.

Buckley, C. and J. Steele (2002). Evolutionary Ecology of Spoken Language: Co- Evolutionary Hypotheses Are Testable. World Archaeology 34(1): 26-46.

Bullock, S. (1997). Evolutionary Simulation Models: On Their Character, and Application to Problems Concerning the Evolution of Natural Signalling Systems, PhD Thesis. University of Sussex, Brighton

Bullock, S. (2000). Something to Talk About: Conflict and Coincidence of Interest in the Evolution of Shared Meaning. In J.-L. Dessalles and L. Ghadapkpour (Eds.), The Evolution of Language, 3rd International Conference, Paris.

Burling, R. (1998). Comprehension and Production in Early Language. In The evolution of language, 2nd international conference, London.

Burling, R. (2000). The Slow Growth of Language in Children. In J.-L. Dessalles and L. Ghadapkpour (Eds.), The Evolution of Language, 3rd international conference, Paris: 35.

Burnett, J. (1787). Of the Origin and Progress of Language.

Calvin, W. H. and D. Bickerton (2000). Lingua Ex Machina: Reconciling Darwin and Chomsky with the Human Brain. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.

Cangelosi, A., A. Greco and S. Harnad (2002). Symbol Grounding and the Symbolic Theft Hypothesis. In Simulating the Evolution of Language. A. Cangelosi and D. Parisi (Eds.). London, Springer: 191-210.

Cangelosi, A. and S. Harnad (2000). The Adaptive Advantage of Symbolic Theft over Sensorimotor Toil: Grounding Language in Perceptual Categories. Evolution of Communication 4(1): 117-142.

Cangelosi, A. and D. Parisi (1998). The Emergence of a "Language" in an Evolving Population of Neural Networks. Connection Science 10(2): 83-97.

Cangelosi, A. and D. Parisi, Eds. (2002). Simulating the Evolution of Language. London, Springer.

Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (1999). The Origins of Complex Language: An Inquiry into the Evolutionary Beginnings of Sentences, Syllables, and Truth. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Caruna, R. and J. D. Schaffer (1988). Representation and Hidden Bias: Gray Vs. Binary Coding for Genetic Algorithms. In Fifth International Conference on Machine Learning, Morgan Kaufmann.

Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. and M. W. Feldman (1978). Towards a Theory of Cultural Evolution. Interdisciplinary Review 3: 99-107.

Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. and M. W. Feldman (1981). Cultural Transmission and Change: A Quantitive Approach, Princeton University Press.

Chambers, J. K. (1995). Sociolinguistic Theory, Blackwell.

Chambers, J. K. and P. Trudgill (1980). Dialectology, Cambridge University Press.

Chambers, J. K. and P. Trudgill (1998). Dialectology, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press.

Chomsky, N. (1972). Language and Mind. San Diego, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Christiansen, M. H. (2000). Using Artificial Language Learning to Study Language Evolution: Exploring the Emergence of Word Order Universals. In J.-L. Dessalles and L. Ghadapkpour (Eds.), The Evolution of Language, 3rd International Conference, Paris: 45-48.

Clark, D. A., P. P. Mitra and S. S.-H. Wang (2001). Scalable Architecture in Mammalian Brains. Nature 411: 183-193.

Clark, R. A. J. (1996). Internal and External Factors Affecting Language Change: A Computational Model, MSc Dissertation. University of Edinburgh

Crystal, D. (1987). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Cambridge University Press.

Dautenhahn, K. and C. Nehaniv, Eds. (1999). Proceddings of the Aisb '99 Symposium on Creative Evolutionary Systems. Edinburgh, The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour.

Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene.

de Boer, B. (1997). Generating Vowel Systems in a Population of Agents. In 4th European Conference on Artificial Life, ECAL 97, Brighton, UK.

de Boer, B. (2000). Emergence of Sound Systems through Self-Organisation. In The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form. C. Knight, M. Studdert-Kennedy and J. R. Hurford (Eds.), Cambridge University Press: 177-198.

de Boer, B. and P. Vogt (1999). Emergence of Speech Sounds in a Changing Population. In D. Floreano, J.-D. Nicoud and F. Mondada (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Life: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Artificial Life, ECAL 99, Lausanne, Switzerland, Springer: 664-673.

Deacon, T. (1997). The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Human Brain, W.H. Norton & Co., USA and Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, UK.

Deacon, T. W. (1992). Brain-Language Coevolution. In The Evolution of Human Languages. J. A. Hawkins and M. Gell-Mann (Eds.), Addison-Wesley: 273- 303.

Dessalles, J.-L. and L. Ghadapkpour, Eds. (2000). Proceeding of the Evolution of Language, 3rd International Conference. Paris.

Di Paolo, E. (1996). Some False Starts in the Construction of a Research Methodology for Artificial Life. In J. Noble and S. Parsowith (Eds.), The 9th White House Papers: Graduate Research in the Cognitive and Computing Sciences at Sussex, University of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences.

Di Paolo, E. (1997a). An Investigation into the Evolution of Communication. Adaptive Behavior 6(2): 285-324.

Di Paolo, E. (1997b). Social Coordination and Spatial Organization: Steps Towards the Evolution of Communication. In ECAL 97, Brighton, UK.

Di Paolo, E. (1999a). A Little More Than Kind and Less Than Kin: The Unwarrented Use of Kin Selection in Spatial Models of Communication. In D. Floreano, J.- D. Nicoud and F. Mondada (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Life: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Artificial Life, ECAL 99, Lausanne, Switzerland, Springer: 504-513.

Di Paolo, E. (1999b). On the Evolutionary and Behavioral Dynamics of Social Coordination: Models and Theoretical Aspects. University of Sussex

Dircks, C. and S. C. Stoness (1999). Investigating Language Change: A Multi-Agent Neural-Network Based Simulation. In D. Floreano, J.-D. Nicoud and F. Mondada (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Life: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Artificial Life, ECAL 99, Lausanne, Switzerland, Springer: 720-724.

Doran, J. (1996). Simulating Societies Using Distributed Artificial Intelligence. In Social Science Microsimulation. K. G. Troitzsch, U. Mueller, G. N. Gilbert and J. E. Doran (Eds.). Berlin, Springer: 381-393.

Dunbar, R. (1996). Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, Faber & Faber.

Elliot, A. J. (1981). Child Language. Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press.

Elman, J. L. (1993). Learning and Development in Neural Networks: The Importance of Starting Small. Cognition(48): 71-99.

Elman, J. L. (1999). The Emergence of Language: A Conspiracy Theory. In The Emergence of Language. B. MacWhinney (Ed.). Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 1-28.

Epstein, J. M. and R. Axtell (1996). Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C., The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Forrester, J. W. (1971). World Dynamics. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.

Frankfort-Nachmias, C. and D. Nachmias (1992). Research Methods in the Social Sciences. London, Edward Arnold.

Fyfe, C. and D. Livingstone (1997). Developing a Community Language. In 4th European Conference on Artificial Life, ECAL 97, Brighton, UK.

Gibson, E. and K. Wexler (1994). Triggers. Linguistic Inquiry(25).

Gilbert, N. and K. G. Troitzsch (1999). Simulation for the Social Scientist, Open University Press.

Gleick, J. (1987). Chaos, Heinmann.

Gopnik, M. and M. B. Crago (1991). Familial Aggregation of a Developmental Language Disorder. Cognition 39: 1-50.

Gould, S. J. and E. S. Vrba (1982). Exaptation - a Missing Term in the Science of Form. Paleobiology 8(1): 4-15.

Grafen, A. (1991). Modelling in Behavioural Ecology. In Behavioural Ecology. J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies (Eds.). Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications: 5- 31.

Gray, F. (1953). Pulse Code Communication. U.S. Patent Number 2,632,058.

Grice, H. P. (1969). Utterer's Meaning and Intention. Philosophical Review 68: 147- 177.

Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In Syntax and Semantics Volume 3: Speech Acts. P. Cole and J. Morgan (Eds.). NY, Academic Press.

Grimm, J. (1822). Deutsche Grammatik, Part I: Zweite Ausgabe. Göttingen, Dieterich.

Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1-52.

Harnad, S. (1990). The Symbol Grounding Problem. Physica D 42: 335-346.

Haugen, E. (1971). The Ecology of Language. In Ecology of Language, Essays by Einar Haugen. A. S. Dil (Ed.). Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press: 325- 339.

Hauser, M. D. (1996). The Evolution of Communication. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press.

Hauser, M. D. and P. Marler (1999). Animal Communication. In The Mit Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. R. A. Wilson and F. C. Keil (Eds.). Cambridge, MA, MIT Press: 22-23.

Haykin, S. (1998). Neural Networks. New Jersey, Prentice Hall.

Hinton, G. E. and Z. Ghahramani (1997). Generative Models for Discovering Sparse Distributed Representations. Philosophical transactions fo the Royal Society B(352): 1177-1190.

Hockett, C. F. (1960). The Origin of Speech. Scientific American(203): 88-93.

Hofbauer, J. and K. Sigmund (1988). The Theory and Evolution of Dynamical Systems. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Holland, J. H. (1975). Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michegan Press (2nd ed.: MIT Press ,1992).

Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence; from Chaos to Order. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Hurford, J. R. (1992). An Approach to the Phylogeny of the Language Faculty. In The Evolution of Human Languages. J. A. Hawkins and M. Gell-Mann (Eds.), Addison-Wesley: 273-303.

Hurford, J. R. (1996). Functional Innateness: Explaining the Critical Period for Language Acquisition. In Submitted to Functionalism/Formalism in Linguistics (Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Uwm Linguistics Symposium).

Hurford, J. R. (1999). The Evolution of Language and Languages. In The Evolution of Culture. R. Dunbar, C. Knight and C. Power (Eds.), Edinburgh University Press.

Hurford, J. R., M. Studdert-Kennedy and C. Knight (1998). Approaches to the Evolution of Language, Cambridge University Press.

Hutchins, E. and B. Hazelhurst (1995). How to Invent a Lexicon: The Development of Shared Symbols in Interaction. In Artificial Societies: The Computer Simulation of Social Life. N. Gilbert and R. Conte (Eds.), UCL Press.

Huynen, M. A. (1995). Exploring Phenotype Space through Neutral Evolution, Technical Report Preprint, Santa Fe Institute

Johnson, K. (1997). Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics. Cambridge, MA., Blackwell.

Kegl, J. and G. A. Iwata (1989). Lenguage De Signos Nicaraguense: A Pidgin Sheds Light on the "Creole?" Asl. In proceedings of the fourth annual meeting of the Pacific Linguistics conference, University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore., U.S.A.

Kimura, M. (1983). The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Cambridge University Press.

King, R. D. (1969). Push Chains and Drag Chains. Glossa 3(1): 3-21.

Kirby, S. (1998). Fitness and the Selective Adaptation of Language. In Approaches to the Evolution of Language. J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy and C. Knight (Eds.), Cambridge University Press: 359-383.

Kirby, S. (1999). Function, Selection, and Innateness: The Emergence of Language Universals. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Kirby, S. (2000). Syntax without Natural Selection: How Compositionality Emerges from Vocabulary in a Population of Learners. In The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form. C. Knight, M. Studdert-Kennedy and J. R. Hurford (Eds.), Cambridge University Press.

Kirchkamp, O. (1996). Spatial Evolution of Automata in the Prisoner's Dilemma. In Social Science Microsimulation. K. G. Troitzsch, U. Mueller, G. N. Gilbert and J. E. Doran (Eds.). Berlin, Springer: 307-358.

Kitano, H. (1990). Designing Neural Networks Using Genetic Algorithms with Graph Generation System. Complex Systems 4: 461-476.

Knuth, D. (1969). The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms. Reading, Ma., Addison-Wesley.

Krebs, J. R. and R. Dawkins (1984). Animal Signals: Mind Reading and Manipulation. In Behavioural Ecology. J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies (Eds.), Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Kroch, A. (1989). Reflexes of Grammar in Patterns of Language Change. Journal of Language Variation and Change 1: 199-244.

Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.

Labov, W. (1994). Principles of Linguistic Change: Internal Factors. Oxford, Blackwell.

Langton, C. G. (1989). Preface in Artificial Life. In S.F.I. Studies in the Sciences of Complexity. C. G. Langton (Ed.), Addison-Wesley.

Langton, C. G. (1991). Preface. In Artificial Life II. C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen (Eds.). Redwood City, CA, Addison-Wesley: xiiixviii.

Lass, R. (1997). Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.

Latané, B. (1981). The Psychology of Social Impact. American Psychologist 36: 343- 365.

Lee, M. G. (2000). The Ethics of Deception: Why Ai Must Study Selfish Behaviour. AISB Quaterly(104): 20-27.

Lieberman, P. (1992). On the Evolution of Human Language. In The Evolution of Human Languages. J. A. Hawkins and M. Gell-Mann (Eds.), Addison- Wesley: 21-47.

Lightfoot, D. (1999). The Development of Language: Acquisition, Change and Evolution. Malden, Massachusetts, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

Lindblom, B. (1998). Systemic Constraints and Adaptive Change in the Formation of Sound Structure. In Approaches to the Evolution of Language. J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy and C. Knight (Eds.), Cambridge University Press: 242-264.

Livingstone, D. (1999a). Methodology in Madness? Computing and Information Systems, CIS Departmental Journal, University of Paisley 6(3): 113-118.

Livingstone, D. (1999b). On Modelling the Evolution of Language and Languages. In GECCO-99 Student Workshop, Orlando.

Livingstone, D. (2000a). Computational Models of Language Change and Diversity. In B. deBoer and P. Vogt (Eds.), presented at Bene-Evolang 2000, the Belgian-Dutch conference on the evolution of language, Brussels.

Livingstone, D. (2000b). A Modified-Neutral Theory for the Evolution of Linguistic Diversity. In The 3rd International Conference on the Evolution of Language, Paris.

Livingstone, D. (2002). The Evolution of Dialect Diversity. In Simulating the Evolution of Language. A. Cangelosi and D. Parisi (Eds.). London, Springer- Verlag.

Livingstone, D. and C. Fyfe (1998a). A Computational Model of Language- Physiology Coevolution. Computing and Information Systems, CIS Departmental Journal, University of Paisley 5(2): 55-62.

Livingstone, D. and C. Fyfe (1998b). A Computational Model of Language- Physiology Coevolution. In The 2nd International Conference on the Evolution of Language, London.

Livingstone, D. and C. Fyfe (1999a). Dialect in Learned Communication. In K. Dautenhahn and C. Nehaniv (Eds.), AISB '99 Symposium on Imitation in Animals and Artifacts, Edinburgh, The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour: 139-146.

Livingstone, D. and C. Fyfe (1999b). Modelling the Evolution of Linguistic Diversity. In D. Floreano, J.-D. Nicoud and F. Mondada (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Life: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Artificial Life, ECAL 99, Lausanne, Switzerland, Springer: 139-146.

Livingstone, D. and C. Fyfe (2000). Modelling Language-Physiology Coevolution. In The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form. C. Knight, M. Studdert-Kennedy and J. R. Hurford (Eds.), Cambridge University Press: 199-215.

Lorenz, K. (1966). Evolution of Ritualization in the Biological and Cultural Spheres. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Britain 251: 273-284.

Lucy, J. A. (1999). Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. In The Mit Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. R. A. Wilson and F. C. Keil (Eds.). Cambridge, M.A., MIT Press: 475-476.

MacLennan, B. (1991). Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication. In Artificial Life II. C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Addison-Wesley.

MacLennan, B. J. and G. M. Burghardt (1994). Synthetic Ethology and the Evolution of Cooperative Communication. Adaptive Behavior 2: 161-187.

MacWhinney, B., Ed. (1999). The Emergence of Language, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Maeda, Y., T. Sasaki and M. Tokoro (1997). Self-Reorganizing of Language Triggered by "Language Contact". In ECAL 97, Brighton, UK.

Maess, B., S. Koelsch, T. C. Gunter and A. D. Friederici (2001). Musical Syntax Is Processed in Broca's Area: An Meg Study. Nature Neuroscience 4: 540-545.

Marenbon, J. (1987). English Our English: The New Orthodoxy Examined. London, Centre for Policy Studies. Extract reprinted in Proper English? T. Crowley. London, Routledge, 1991

Miller, G. F. (1995). Artificial Life as Theoretical Biology: How to Do Real Science with Computer Simulation, Cognitive Science Research Paper. Brighton, Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex

Miller, G. F., P. M. Todd and S. U. Hegde (1989). Designing Neural Networks Using Genetic Algorithms. In D. Schaffer (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, Morgan Kauffman.

Milroy, J. (1992). Linguistic Variation and Change. Oxford, Blackwell.

Milroy, J. (1993). On the Social Origins of Language Change. In Historical Linguistics: Problems and Perspectives. C. Jones (Ed.). London, New York, Longman.

Milroy, J. and L. Milroy (1993). Mechanisms of Change in Urban Dialects: The Role of Class, Social Network and Gender. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 3(1).

Milroy, L. (1980). Language and Social Networks. Oxford, Basil Blackwell.

Mitchell, M. (1996). An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms. Cambridge, MA.,, MIT Press.

Mitchell, M. (1999). Evolutionary Computation. In The Mit Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. R. A. Wilson and F. C. Keil (Eds.). Cambridge, MA, MIT Press: 293-295.

Mithen, S. (1996). The Prehistory of the Mind. London, Thames and Hudson Ltd.

Mufwene, S. S. (1997). What Research on Creole Genesis Can Contribute to Historical Linguistics. In Historical Linguistics 1997. M. S. Schmid, J. R. Austin and D. Stein (Eds.). Amsterdam, John Benjamins.

Mühlenbein, H. and D. Schlierkamp-Voosen (1993). Predictive Models for the Breeder Genetic Algorithm. Evolutionary Computation 1(1): 25-49.

Mühlhäusler, P. (1996). Linguistic Ecology: Language Change and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Region. London, Routledge.

Muller, G. (1996). Exploring and Testing Theories: On the Role of Paramter Optimization in Social Science Computer Simulation. In Social Science Microsimulation. K. G. Troitzsch, U. Mueller, G. N. Gilbert and J. E. Doran (Eds.). Berlin, Springer: 66-75.

Nettle, D. (1999a). Linguistic Diversity, Oxford University Press.

Nettle, D. (1999b). Using Social Impact Theory to Simulate Language Change. Lingua 108: 95-117.

Nettle, D. and R. I. M. Dunbar (1997). Social Markers and the Evolution of Reciprocal Exchange. Current Anthropology 38(1): 93-99.

Newmeyer (2000). The Evolution of Language, 3rd International Conference. In J.-L. Dessalles and L. Ghadapkpour (Eds.), The Evolution of Language, 3rd International Conference, Paris.

Nimwegen, E. v., J. P. Crutchfield and M. Huynen (1999). Neutral Evolution of Mutational Robustness. Santa Fe Institute working paper.

Niyogi, P. (2002). Models of Cultural Evolution and Their Application to Language Change. In Linguistic Evolution through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models. E. J. Briscoe (Ed.), Cambridge University Press.

Niyogi, P. and R. C. Berwick (1995). The Logical Problem of Language Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Noble, J. (1997). The Scientific Status of Artificial Life. In ECAL 97, Brighton, UK.

Noble, J. (2000). Defining Animal Communication, and Why It Matters for Understanding the Evolution of Language. In J.-L. Dessalles and L. Ghadapkpour (Eds.), The Evolution of Language, 3rd International Conference, Paris.

Noble, J. and D. Cliff (1996). On Simulating the Evolution of Communication. In P. Maes, M. Mataric, J.-A. Meyer, J. Pollack and S. W. Wilson (Eds.), From Animals to Animats 4: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Oliphant, M. (1996). The Dilemma of Saussurean Communication. BioSystems 37(1- 2): 31-38.

Oliphant, M. (1997). Formal Approaches to Innate and Learned Communication: Laying the Foundation for Language, PhD. University of California, San Diego

Ormerod, P. (1994). The Death of Economics. London, Faber and Faber.

Pagel, M. (2000). The History, Rate and Pattern of World Linguistic Evolution. In The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social Function and the Origins of Linguistic Form. C. Knight, M. Studdert-Kennedy and J. R. Hurford (Eds.), Cambridge University Press: 391-416.

Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct, Penguin.

Pinker, S. and P. Bloom (1992). Natural Language and Natural Selection. In The Adapted Mind. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides and J. Tooby (Eds.), Oxford University Press.

Quine, W. V. O. (1987). Quiddities: An Intermittently Philosphical Dictionary. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.

Renfrew, C. (1998). The Origins of World Linguistic Diversity: An Archaeological Perspective. In The Origin and Diversification of Language. N. G. Jablonski and L. C. Aiello (Eds.), University of California Press: 171-192.

Reynolds, C. W. (1987). Flocks, Herds and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model. Computer Graphics 21(4).

Ronald, E. M. A., M. Sipper and M. S. Capcarrère (1999). Design, Observation, Surprise! A Test of Emergence. Artificial Life 5(3): 225-239.

Rousseau, J.-J. (1755). Second Discourse (Discourse on the Origins of Inequality), St. Martin's Press Translation, 1964 (in the Collected Writings of Rousseau, Vol. 3, Eds. R.D. Masters and C. Kelly).

Sanders, I. (2002). Human Tongue, Pharynx and Vocal Fold Muscles Contain Slow Tonic Muscle, a Distinct Class of Muscle That May Have Evolved for Speech. In J. Hurford and T. Fitch (Eds.), proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Evolution of Language, Harvard University, Cambridge, M.A., U.S.A.

Sapir, E. (1949). The Selected Writings of Edward Sapir. In Language, Culture and Personality. D. G. Mandelbaum (Ed.). Berkely and Los Angeles, University of California Press.

Saussure, F. D. (1916). Cours De Linguistique Générale. Paris.

Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (2000). Plenary Talk. In J.-L. Dessalles and L. Ghadapkpour (Eds.), presented at The Evolution of Language, 3rd International Conference, Paris.

Schelling, T. C. (1978). Micromotives and Macrobehavior. New York, W.W. Norton & Company.

Shannon, C. E. and W. Weaver (1949). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana, Illinois, University of Illinois Press.

Skoyles, J. R. (2000). The Singing Origin of Speech. In The Evolution of Language, 3rd international conference, Paris: 206-209.

Slobin, D. I. (1979). Psycholinguistics. Gelnview, Illinois, Scott, Foresman and Company.

Slobin, D. I. (2003). Language and Thought Online: Cognitive Consequences of Linguistic Relativity. In Language in Mind: Advances in the Investigation of Language and Thought. D. Gentner and S. Goldin-Meadow (Eds.). Cambridge, MA, Bradford Books, MIT Press.

Smith, K. (2002). The Cultural Evolution of Communication in a Population of Neural Networks. Connection Science.

Stearns, S. C. and R. F. Hoekstra (2000). Evolution: An Introduction. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Steels, L. (1996a). Emergent Adaptive Lexicons. In P. Maes, M. Mataric, J.-A. Meyer, J. Pollack and S. W. Wilson (Eds.), From Animals to Animats 4: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Steels, L. (1996b). A Self-Organizing Spatial Vocabulary. Artificial Life 2(4).

Steels, L. (1996c). Self-Organizing Vocabularies. In Proceedings of Artificial Life V, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press: 179-184.

Steels, L. (1998). Synthesising the Origins of Language and Meaning Using Co- Evolution, Self-Organisation and Level Formation. In Approaches to the Evolution of Language. J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy and C. Knight (Eds.), Cambridge University Press: 384-404.

Steels, L. and F. Kaplan (1998). Stochasticity as a Source of Innovation in Language Games. In C. Adami, R. K. Belew, H. Kitano and C. E. Taylor (Eds.), Artificial Life VI, UCLA, MIT Press: 368-376.

Steels, L. and P. Vogt (1997). Grounding Adaptive Language Games in Robotic Agents. In 4th European Conference on Artificial Life, ECAL 97.

Sternberg (1996). Cognitive Psychology. Fort Worth, :Harcourt Brace.

Storey, N. (1996). Safety-Critical Computer Systems, Addison-Wesley.

Swift, J. (1712). Extracts from a Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Language. In Reprinted in Proper English? T. Crowley (Ed.). London, Routledge, 1991.

Tannen, D. (1994). Talking from 9 to 5, William Morrow & Company Inc.

Taylor, C. and D. Jefferson (1994). Artificial Life as a Tool for Biological Inquiry. Artificial Life 1(1): 1-13.

Taylor, T. (1998). Using Bottom-up Models to Investigate the Evolution of Life: Steps Towards an Improved Methodology. In C. L. Nehaniv and G. P. Wagner (Eds.), The Right Stuff: Appropriate Mathematics for Evolutionary and Developmental Biology, Workshop at ALIFE IV, UCLA.

Taylor, T. (1999). From Artificial Evolution to Artificial Life, PhD Thesis. University of Edinburgh

Thornton, S. (1997). Karl Popper. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/popper/.

Tinbergen, N. (1976). Derived Activities: Their Causation, Biological Significance, Origin and Emancipation During Evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology 27: 1-32.

Toulmin, S. E. (1958). The Uses of Argument. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Trask, R. L. (1996). Historical Linguistics. London, Arnold.

Trudgill, P. (1995). Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. London, Penguin.

Trudgill, P. and J. Cheshire, Eds. (1998). The Sociolinguistics Reader, Volume 1: Multilingualism and Variation. London, Arnold.

Werner, G. M. and M. G. Dyer (1991). Evolution of Communication in Artificial Organisms. In Artificial Life II. C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Addison-Wesley.

Werner, G. M. and M. G. Dyer (1993). Evolution of Herding Behavior in Artificial Animals. In J. A. Meyer, H. L. Roitblat and S. W. Wilson (Eds.), From Animals to Animats 2: proceedings of the Second International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour, MIT Press: 478-485.

Whorf, B. L., Ed. (1956). Language, Thought and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Cambridge, MA., MIT Press.

Wooldridge, M. and N. R. Jennings (1995). Intelligent Agents. Berlin, Springer- Verlag.

Worden, R. (1998). The Evolution of Language from Social Intelligence. In Approaches to the Evolution of Language. J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert- Kennedy and C. Knight (Eds.), Cambridge University Press: 148-166.

Zahavi, A. (1979). Ritualisation and the Evolution of Movement Signals. Behaviour 72: 77-81.