[1] John Batali, unpublished m.s. Computational Simulations of the Emergence of Grammar, UCSD.

[2] John Batali, 1994. "Innate Biases and Critical Periods: Combining Evolution and Learning in the Acquisition of Syntax", in R.Brooks & P. Maes, Artificial Life IV: Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

[3] David Beaver, Willem Groeneveld and Breanndan  O Nuallain, Unpublished m.s. Synthetic Evolution of Communication, University of Amsterdam.

[4] E.J. Briscoe, Unpublished m.s. Language acquisition: the bioprogram hypothesis and the Baldwin Effect (Under consideration for Language.)

[5] Joseph J. Crumpton. 1994. Evolution of Two Symbol Signals by Simulated Organisms, MS thesis.

[6] Mark Johnson and Martin Kay, 1990. "Semantic Abstraction and Anaphora", in Proceedings of COLING 90, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 17-27.

[7] Gerald Gazdar and Chris Mellish, 1989. Natural Language Processing in LISP, Addison-Wesley.

[8] John Holland, 1975. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. 9 The head of the relevant Daimler-Benz group is Pat Langley, a consulting professor at Stanford: he has already suggested the possibility of collaborative work on this problem area. 10 Examples of such technologies would be statistical analysis or stochastic optimization.

[9] James Hurford, to appear. "Artificially growing a numeral system", in Jadranka Gvozdanovic (ed.), The history of numeral systems.

[10] Martin Kay, 1986. "Algorithm Schemata and Data Structures in Syntactic Processing", in B. Grosz, K. Sparck Kones & B. Webber (eds.), Readings in Natural Language Processing, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, pp. 35-70.

[11] Simon Kirby, to appear. "Fitness and the selective adaptation of language", in J. Hurford, M. Studdart-Kennedy & Chris Knight (eds.) The Evolution of Human Language, CUP.

[12] Simon Kirby, 1996. "Competing motivations and emergence: explaining implicational hierarchies", Language Typology , 1.

[13] Simon Kirby and James Hurford, to appear. "Learning, Culture and Evolution in the Origin of Linguistic Constraints", Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Artificial Life (1997).

[14] John Koza, 1992. Genetic Evolution and CoEvolution of Computer Programs, in C. Langton, C. Taylor, J. Doyne Farmer & S. Rasmussen (eds.), Artificial Life II: The Second Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, proceedings Vol. X, Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley, pp. 603-629.

[15] John Koza, 1992. Genetic Programming: on the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

[16] Bruce J. MacLennan and Gordon M. Burghardt, 1993. "Synthetic Ethology and the Evolution of Cooperative Communication", Adaptive Behavior, 2:161-187.

[17] Bruce MacLennan, 1992. "Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication", in C. Langton, C. Taylor, J. Doyne Farmer & S. Rasmussen (eds.), Artificial Life II: The Second Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, proceedings Vol. X, Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley, pp. 631-658.

[18] Noble, J., Cliff, D., 1996. On Simulating the Evolution of Communication, Cognitive Science Research Paper 420, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex.

[19] M. Oliphant and J. Batali, Unpublished m.s. Learning and the Emergence of Coordinated Communication, UCSD. Submitted to Cognitive Science.

[20] Geoffrey Sampson, 1996. Evolutionary Language Understanding, Cassell, NY/London.

[21] Henry Thomson, 1983. "MCHART A exible, modular chart parsing framework.", in Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, AAAI, Stanford, CA. 5

[22] Gregory Werner and Michael Dyer, 1992. "Evolution of Communication in Artificial Organisms", in C. Langton, C. Taylor, J. Doyne Farmer & S. Rasmussen (eds.), Artificial Life II: The Second Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, proceedings Vol. X, Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley, pp. 659-689. 6