N. Akhtar, M. Carpenter and M. Tomasello, "The role of discourse novelty in early word learning", Child Dev., 62, pp. 635-645, 1996.

P.D. Allopenna, J.S. Magnuson and M.K. Tanenhaus, "Tracking the time course of spoken word recognition using eye movements: evidence for continuous mapping models", J. Mem. Language, 38, pp. 419-439, 1998.

J.M. Anglin (Ed.), Word, Object, and Conceptual Development, New York: Norton, 1977.

D.A. Baldwin, "Infants' contribution to the achievement of joint reference", Child Dev., 62, pp. 875-890, 1991.

D.A. Baldwin and E.M. Markman, "Establishing word-object relations: a first step", Child Dev., 60, pp. 381-398, 1989.

M. Barrett, "Early lexical development", in Handbook of Child Language, P. Fletcher and B. MacWhinney, Eds, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1995, pp. 362-392.

U. Bellugi, H. Poizner and E.S. Klima, "Language, modality and the brain", Trends Neurosci., 12, pp. 380-388, 1989.

B.H.BernhardtandJ.P.Stemberger,HandbookofPhonologicalDevelopmentfromthePerspectiveofConstraint-based Nonlinear Phonology, San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.

B.R. Bijeljac, J. Bertoncini and J. Mehler, "How do four-day-old infants categorize multisyllabic utterances?", Devl Psychol., 29, pp. 711-721, 1993.

P. Bloom, How Children Learn the Meanings ofWords (Learning, Development, and Conceptual Change), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002.

P. Boersma and D. Weenink, Praat, A System for Doing Phonetics by Computer, Amsterdam: Institute of Phonetic Sciences of the University of Amsterdam, 1996.

J.R. Booth, B. MacWhinney, K.R. Thulborn, K. Sacco, J. Voyvodic and H. Feldman, "Functional organization of activation patterns in children: whole brain fMRI imaging during three different cognitive tasks", Prog. Neuropsychopharmocol. Biol. Psychiatry, 23, pp. 669-682, 1999.

J.R. Booth, B. MacWhinney, K.R. Thulborn, K. Sacco, J.T. Voyvodic and H.M. Feldman, "Developmental and lesion effects during brain activation for sentence comprehension and mental rotation", Devl Neuropsychol., 18, pp. 139-169, 2001.

M. Bowerman, "Reorganizational processes in lexical and syntactic development", in Language Acquisition: The State of the Art, E. Wanner and L. Gleitman, Eds, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 319-346.

R. Brown and C. Hanlon, "Derivational complexity and order of acquisition in child speech", in Cognition and the Development of Language, J.R. Hayes, Ed., New York: Wiley, 1970, pp. 11-54.

G. Buck, T. VanEssen, K. Tatsuoka, I. Kostin, D. Lutz and M. Phelps, Development, Selection and Validation of a Set of Cognitive and Linguistic Attributes for the SAT I Verbal: Sentence Completion Section, Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 1998.

J. Bybee and P. Hopper, Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001.

N.A. Campbell, J.B. Reece and L.G. Mitchell, Biology, 5th edn, Menlo Park: Addison Wesley, 1999.

D. Caplan and G.S. Waters, "Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension", Behav. Brain Sci., 22, pp. 77-126, 1999.

E. Clark, "The principle of contrast: a constraint on language acquisition", in Mechanisms of Language Acquisition, B. MacWhinney, Ed., Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1987, pp. 1-34.

E. Clark, K. Carpenter and W. Deutsch, "Reference states and reversals: undoing actions with verbs", J. Child Language, 22, pp. 633-652, 1995.

H. Clark and C. Marshall, "Definite reference and mutual knowledge", in Elements of Discourse Understanding, B.W.A. Joshi and I. Sag, Eds, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

M.S. Cohen, S.M. Kosslyn, H.C. Breiter, G.J. DiGirolamo, W.L. Thompson, A.K. Anderson, S.Y. Bookheimer, B.R. Rosen, J.W. Belliveau, "Changes in cortical activity during mental rotation. A mapping study using functional MRI", Brain, 119, pp. 89-100, 1996.

E. Colunga and L.B. Smith, "Committing to an ontology: a connectionist account", in paper presented at the Cognitive Science Society, Boston, 2000.

D.P. Corina, J. Vaid and U. Bellugi, "The linguistic basis of left hemisphere specialization", Science, 255, pp. 1258-1260, 1992.

A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, NewYork: Harcourt Brace, 1999.

C. Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, London: John Murray, 1871.

F. de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.

E. Dromi, Early Lexical Development, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

J. Du Bois, "The discourse basis of ergativity", Language, 63, pp. 805-856, 1987.

J.L. Elman, "The emergence of language: a conspiracy theory", in The Emergence of Language, B. MacWhinney, Ed., Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999, pp. 1-28.

J. Feldman and S. Narayanan, "Embodied meaning in a neural theory of language", Brain Language, 89, pp. 385-392, 2004.

D. Gentner, "The development of relational category knowledge", in Building Object Categories in Developmental Time, L. Gershkoff-Stowe and D. Rakison, Eds, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005, pp. 245-276.

D. Gentner and A. Markman, "Structure mapping in analogy and similarity", Am. Psychol., 52, pp. 45-56, 1997.

T. Givón, "On the co-evolution of language, mind and brain", Evolut. Commun., 2, pp. 45-116, 1998.

A.E. Goldberg, "The emergence of the semantics of argument structure constructions", inThe Emergence of Language, B. MacWhinney, Ed., Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999, pp. 197-213.

R. Golinkoff, C. Mervis and K. Hirsh-Pasek, "Early object labels: the case for a developmental lexical principles framework", J. Child Language, 21, pp. 125-155, 1994.

M. Gopnik and M.B. Crago, "Familial aggregation of a developmental language disorder", Cognition, 39, pp. 1-50, 1990.

F. Grosjean and J. Miller, "Going in and out of languages", Psychol. Sci., 5, pp. 201-206, 1994.

S. Grossberg, "A theory of human memory: self-organization and performance of sensory-motor codes, maps, and plans", Prog. Theor. Biol., 5, pp. 233-374, 1978.

P. Gupta and B. MacWhinney, "Vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory: computational and neural bases", Brain Language, 59, pp. 267-333, 1997.

J.E. Hanna and M.K. Tanenhaus, "Pragmatic effects on reference resolution in a collaborative task: evidence from eye movements", Cognitive Sci., 28, pp. 105-115, 2004.

M. Harris, M.D. Barrett, D. Jones and S. Brookers, "Linguistic input and early word meaning", J. Child Language, 15, pp. 77-94, 1988.

M. Hauser, E. Newport and R.Aslin, "Segmentation of the speech stream in a non-human primate: statistical learning in cotton-top tamarins", Cognition, 78, pp. B53-B64, 2001.

D. Hebb, The Organization of Behavior, New York: Wiley, 1949.

G.E. Hinton and S.J. Nowlan, "How learning can guide evoluton", Complex Syst., 1, pp. 495-502, 1987.

G. Houghton, "The problem of serial order: a neural network model of sequence learning and recall", in Current Research in Natural Language Generation, R. Dale, C. Mellish and M. Zock, Eds, London: Academic Press, 1990, pp. 287-319.

D. Hubel and T. Weisel, "Receptive fields of cells in striate cortex of very young, visually inexperienced kittens", J. Neurophysiol., 26, pp. 994-1002, 1963.

M.K. Huffman, "Phonetic patterns of nasalization and implications for feature specification", in Phonetics in Phonology V, M.K. Huffman and P.A. Krakow, Eds, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1993, pp. 71-92.

E. Hunt, Concept Learning: An Information Processing Approach, New York: Wiley, 1962.

J. Huttenlocher, "The origins of language comprehension", in Theories in Cognitive Psychology: The Loyola Symposium, R. Solso, Ed., Potomac, MD: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1974, pp. 331-388.

M. Jeannerod, The Cognitive Neuroscience of Action, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1997.

M. Johnson, "Imprinting and the development of face recognition: from chick to man", Curr. Directions Psychol. Sci., 1, pp. 52-55, 1992.

P.W. Jusczyk, The Discovery of Spoken Language, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997.

P.W. Jusczyk, A.M. Jusczyk, L.J. Kennedy, T. Schomberg and N. Koenig, "Young infants' retention of information about bisyllabic utterances", J. Exp. Psychol.: Hum. Percept. Perform., 21, pp. 822-836, 1995.

R. Kager, Optimality Theory, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

S. Kakei, D.S. Hoffman and P.L. Strick, "Muscle and movement representations in the primary motor cortex", Science, 285, pp. 2136-2139, 1999.

E.R. Kandel and R.D. Hawkins, "The biological basis of learning and individuality", Scientific American, 266, pp. 40-53, 1992.

P. Kanerva, "Sparse distributed memory and related models", in Associative Neural Memories: Theory and Implementation, M. Hassoun, Ed., New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 50-76.

J. Keenan, B. MacWhinney and D. Mayhew, "Pragmatics in memory: a study in natural conversation", J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav., 16, pp. 549-560, 1977.

F.C. Keil, Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive Development, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989.

B. Keysar, D.J. Barr and W.S. Horton, "The egocentric basis of language use: insights from a processing approach", Curr. Directions Psychol. Sci., 7, pp. 46-50, 1998.

T. Kohonen, Self-organizing Maps, 3rd edn, Berlin: Springer, 2001.

G. Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1987.

P. Li, I. Farkas and B. MacWhinney, "Early lexical development in a self-organizing neural network", Neural Net., 17, pp. 1345-1362, 2004.

P. Li and B. MacWhinney, "Cryptotype, overgeneralization, and competition: a connectionist model of the learning of English reversive prefixes", Connection Sci., 8, pp. 3-30, 1996.

K.Z. Lorenz, "The evolution of behavior", Scientific American, 199, pp. 95-104, 1958.

P. MacNeilage, "The frame/content theory of evolution of speech production", Behav. Brain Sci., 21, pp. 499-546, 1998.

B. MacWhinney, "Pragmatic patterns in child syntax", Stanford Papers Rep. Child Language Dev., 10, pp. 153-165, 1975a.

B. MacWhinney, "Rules, rote, and analogy in morphological formations by Hungarian children", J. Child Language, 2, pp. 65-77, 1975b.

B. MacWhinney, "Basic syntactic processes", in Language Acquisition: Vol. 1. Syntax and Semantics, S. Kuczaj, Ed., Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1982, pp. 73-136.

B. MacWhinney, "Where do categories come from?", in Child Categorization, C. Sophian, Ed., Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1984, pp. 407-418.

B. MacWhinney, "Competition and lexical categorization", in Linguistic Categorization, R. Corrigan, F. Eckman and M. Noonan, Eds, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 1989, pp. 195-242.

B. MacWhinney (Ed.), The Emergence of Language, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999.

B. MacWhinney, "The gradual evolution of language", in The Evolution of Language, B. Malle and T. Givón, Eds, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2002, pp. 233-264.

B. MacWhinney, "A multiple process solution to the logical problem of language acquisition", J. Child Language, 31, pp. 883-914, 2004.

B. MacWhinney, "The emergence of grammar from perspective", in The Grounding of Cognition: The Role of Perception and Action in Memory, Language, and Thinking, D. Pecher and R.A. Zwaan, Eds, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005.

B. MacWhinney, "A unified model of language acquisition", in Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches, J.F. Kroll and A.M.B. de Groot, Eds, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 49-67.

B. MacWhinney, H.M. Feldman, K. Sacco and R.Valdes-Perez, "Online measures of basic language skills in children with early focal brain lesions", Brain Language, 71, pp. 400-431, 2000.

B. MacWhinney and J. Leinbach, "Implementations are not conceptualizations: revising the verb learning model", Cognition, 29, pp. 121-157, 1991.

B. MacWhinney, J. Leinbach, R. Taraban and J. McDonald, "Language learning: cues or rules?", J. Mem. Language, 28, pp. 255-277, 1989.

B. MacWhinney and C. Pléh, "The processing of restrictive relative clauses in Hungarian", Cognition, 29, pp. 95-141, 1988.

E. Markman, Categorization and Naming in Children: Problems of Induction, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989.

D. Marocco, A. Cangelosi and S. Nolfi, "The emergence of communication in evolutionary robots", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 361, pp. 2397-2421, 2003.

A. Martin, C.L. Wiggs, L.G. Ungerleider and J.V. Haxby, "Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge", Nature, 379, pp. 649-652, 1996.

D. Massaro, Speech Perception by Ear and Eye, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1987.

J.L. McClelland, B.L. McNaughton and R.C. O'Reilly, "Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory", Psychol. Rev., 102, pp. 419-457, 1995.

J.L. McDonald and B.J. MacWhinney, "The time course of anaphor resolution: effects of implicit verb causality and gender", J. Mem. Language, 34, pp. 543-566, 1995.

W. Merriman, "Competition, attention, and young children's lexical processing", in The Emergence of Language, B. MacWhinney, Ed., Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999, pp. 331-358.

C. Mervis, "Early lexical development: the contributions of mother and child", in Origins of Cognitive Skills, C. Sophian, Ed., Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1984, pp. 339-370.

K. Miller, J. Keller and M. Stryker, "Ocular dominance column development: analysis and simulation", Science, 245, pp. 605-615, 1989.

K.D. Miller, "A model for the development of simple cell receptive fields and the ordered arrangement of orientation columns through activity-dependent competition between ON- and OFF-center inputs", J. Neurosci., 14, pp. 409-441, 1994.

J.D. Murray, "How the leopard gets its spots", Scientific American, 258, pp. 80-87, 1988.

L.G. Naigles and S.A. Gelman, "Overextensions in comprehension and production revisited: preferential looking in a study of dog, cat, and cow", J. Child Language, 22, pp. 19-46, 1995.

J.J. Ohala, "Phonetic explanation in phonology", in Papers from the Parassession on Natural Phonology, A. Bruck, R. Fox and M. La Galy, Eds, Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 1974, pp. 251-274.

L.M. Parsons, P.T. Fox, J.H. Downs, T. Glass, T.B. Hirsch, C.C. Martin, P.A. Jerabek and J.L. Lancaster, "Use of implicit motor imagery for visual shape discrimination as revealed by PET", Nature, 375, pp. 54-58, 1995.

J. Piaget, The Construction of Reality in the Child, New York: Basic Books, 1954.

S. Pinker, "Rules of language", Science, 253, pp. 530-535, 1991.

S.R. Quartz and T.J. Sejnowksi, "The neural basis of cognitive development: a constructivist manifesto", Behav. Brain Sci., 20, pp. 537-596, 1997.

W.V.O. Quine, Word and Object, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1960.

P.T. Quinlan, Connectionist Models of Development: Developmental Processes in Real andArtificial Neural Networks, Hove: Psychology Press, 2003.

T. Regier, "The emergence of words: from associations to symbols", Cognitive Science (in press).

S. Reznick, "Visual preference as a test of infant word comprehension", Appl. Psycholinguist., 11, pp. 145-166, 1990.

G. Rizzolatti, L. Fadiga, V. Gallese and L. Fogassi, "Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions", Cognitive Brain Res., 3, pp. 131-141, 1996.

E. Rosch and C.B. Mervis, "Family resemblances: studies in the internal structure of categories", Cognitive Psychol., 7, pp. 573-605, 1975.

D.E. Rumelhart and J.L. McClelland, Parallel Distributed Processing, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.

M. Sabbagh and S. Gelman, "Buzzsaws and blueprints: what children need (or don't need) to learn language", J. Child Language, 27, pp. 715-726, 2000.

J.R. Saffran, R.N.Aslin and E.L. Newport, "Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants", Science, 274, pp. 1926-1928, 1996.

L.K. Samuelson and L.B. Smith, "Memory and attention make smart word learning: an alternative account of Akhtar, Carpenter, and Tomasello", Child Dev., 69, pp. 94-104, 1998.

G. Schafer and K. Plunkett, "Rapid word learning by 15-month-olds under tightly controlled conditions", Child Dev., 69, pp. 309-320, 1998.

N. Schmajuk and J. DiCarlo, "Stimulus configuration, classical conditioning, and hippocampal function", Psychol. Rev., 99, pp. 268-305, 1992.

M.F. Schober, F.G. Conrad and S.S. Fricker, "Misunderstanding standardized language in research interviews", Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, pp. 22-41, 2003.

P. Schyns, "A modular neural network model of concept acquisition", Cognitive Sci., 15, pp. 461-508, 1991.

A. Sfard and K. McClain, "Special issue: analyzing tools: perspective on the role of designed artifacts in mathematics learning", J. Learn. Sci., 11, pp. 153-388, 2002.

J.F. Shrager and M.H. Johnson, "Waves of growth in the development of cortical function: a computational model", in Maturational Windows and Adult Cortical Plasticity, B. Julesz and I. Kovacs, Eds, NewYork: Addison-Wesley, 1995, pp. 31-44.

H. Simon, Sciences of the Artificial, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969.

L. Smith, "Children's noun learning: how general processes make specialized learning mechanisms", in The Emergence of Language, B. MacWhinney, Ed., Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999, pp. 277-304.

L. Steels and F. Kaplan, "AIBO's first words: the social learning of language and meaning", Evolut. Commun., 4, pp. xx, 2000.

J. Stiles-Davis, S. Sugarman and R. Nass, "The development of spatial and class relations in four young children with right-cerebral-hemisphere damage: evidence for an early spatial constructive deficit", Brain Cognit., 4, pp. 388-412, 1985.

B. Story, "An overview of the physiology, physics and modeling of the sound source for vowels", Acoust. Sci. Technol., 23, pp. 195-206, 2002.

S. Sugarman, "Developmental change in early representational intelligence: evidence from spatial classification strategies and related verbal expressions", Cognitive Psychol., 14, pp. 410-449, 1982.

M.K. Tanenhaus, J.S. Magnuson, D. Dahan and C. Chambers, "Eye movements and lexical access in spoken-language comprehension: evaluating a linking hypothesis between fixations and linguistic processing", J. Psycholinguist. Res., 29, pp. 557-580, 2000.

I.R. Titze, B. Story, M. Smith and R. Long, "A reflex resonance model of vocal vibrato", J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 111, pp. 2272-2282, 2002.

M. Tomasello, The Cultural Origins of Human Communication, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

M. Tomasello, "Do young children have adult syntactic competence?", Cognition, 74, pp. 209-253, 2000.

M. Tomasello, Constructing a First Language: A Usage-based Theory of Language Acquisition, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.

M. Tomasello and N. Akhtar, "Two-year-olds use pragmatic cues to differentiate reference to objects and actions", Cognitive Dev., 10, pp. 201-224, 1995.

M. Vihman, Phonological Development: The Origins of Language in the Child, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996.

C.H. Waddington, The Strategy of the Genes, New York: MacMillan, 1957.

B. Whorf, "Some verbal categories of Hopi", Language, 14, pp. 275-286, 1938.

B. Whorf, "The relation of habitual thought and behaviour to language", in Language, Culture, and Personality: Essays in Memory of Edward Sapir, L. Spier, Ed., Ogden, UT: University of Utah Press, 1941, pp. 75-93.