For developmentalists, linguists, and language educators; a course text for bilingual and second language acquisition. In language learning, the rule of thumb is: the earlier the better. Children exposed to language from birth are uniformly successful in first language acquisition (L1A), whereas those deprived of contact with language during childhood are pathologically deficient. In second language acquisition (L2A), the difficulty of learning after puberty is routinely attested anecdotally and has been the subject of numerous scientific studies. It is widely believed that age effects in both are developmental in nature. Native levels of attainment in L1A and L2A are thought to be possible only if learning began before the closure of a ``window of opportunity''--a critical or sensitive period. Increasingly, this popular wisdom is being called into question. Triggering this reevaluation is evidence that some late-starting learners achieve native-like competence in a second language and evidence of age effects past the presumed closure of the window of opportunity for learning. As the debate takes shape, some of the most renowned researchers in the field are weighing in on the issue. Their thoughts and evidence are presented in this volume.
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(7) | Hurford, J. and Kirby, S. (1999) Co-Evolution of Language Size and the Critical Period. In David Birdsong, editor, Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis, pages 39--63. Lawrence Erlbaum. |