Metadata Design for Search and Retrieval in State of Illinois Electronic Archives

GSLIS technical report number: ISRN UIUCLIS--2001/9+EARCH

Dated: 27 December 2001

Author: Larry S. Jackson < lsjackso@uiuc.edu >, http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~jackson

This report available on the web at http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/pep/papers/UIUCLIS_2001_9_EARCH.html

PROJECT OVERVIEW & BACKGROUND

Background and Introduction

The metadata and schema design work addressed herein are part of a larger effort involving the State Libraries of Illinois [1] and Ohio [2]. Under a sub-award of the grant, "Preserving Electronic Publications", from the Institute of Museum and Library Services [3] (IMLS) to the Illinois State Library (ISL), GSLIS is performing the design and creation of a readily deployable, low-cost facility capable of acquiring and retaining electronic copies of an arbitrary web site [4] [5]. Such a facility would enable either centralized electronic archival (e.g., operated by GSLIS or ISL), or decentralized archival wherein each agency operates its own archive. The facility will be used to archive official documents published on the web by agencies and activities of the State of Illinois. The system will ultimately be made available to other states and organizations.

The Illinois system will be built upon a number of off-the-shelf computing solutions, planned to include;

the Linux operating system [6],
the "wget" freeware web spider [7],
the CVS file version control system [8],
the Apache web server [9] [10],
the mySQL relational database [11],
the Isearch markup-sensitive indexing, search and retrieval system (originally by [12], now supported by [13]), plus
scripts written by GSLIS to interconnect and coordinate these components.

The system design, and all software components used therein are intended to subsequently be available for download, either under no-cost license, or as public domain material. The Illinois system is being tested, using the complete contents of the web sites of;

the Department of Transportation [14],
the Secretary of State's office [15],
the Pollution Control Board [16],
the Department of Revenue [17], and
the Department of Natural Resources [18] .

The Ohio system is to be based on prior work by the Ohio State Library on the Joint Electronic Records Repository Initiative (JERRI), and on "beta test" use of the "Digital Vault" software from OCLC.

Recognition of the problems of state government document archival in Illinois dates to "... 1967 when legislation and rules were adopted that named the Illinois State Library as the mandated depository for all State of Illinois publications and the administrator of the statewide Illinois Document Depository Program. The State Library Act was amended in 1995 making the State Librarian also responsible for making electronic state records available via the World Wide Web." [19]

In Illinois, the Secretary of State ("the Secretary") is, in addition to numerous other administrative and operational duties of the State, also the titular State Librarian, and therefore presides over the Illinois State Library (ISL). The collection of activities overseen by the Secretary is relatively large, with 15 major entries in the public description of the office [20]. Many of these are, to some extent, involved in information and records management work for the state. Even within the Secretary's office, there is a strong need for systematic metadata usage to make a number of web sites searchable as one unified body.

Within ISL, a history of grants, and the associated staffs, coming and going has created an inventory of information resources (e.g., the "Find-It! Illinois" search facility [21]). These resources may, or may not, be fully up to date and interoperable. For example, the "Find-It! Illinois" search engine does not find the Metadata Generator [22] that was also created by ISL staff. A number of partly related web sites have been created and registered, often with different names, and name selections that emphasize what in the commercial sector would be called "brand recognition" rather than making clear the exact governmental affiliation. These domain names include;

www.cyberdriveillinois.com,
finditillinois.org,
www.finditillinois.org,
findit.sos.state.il.us, and
www.sos.state.il.us.

Organizationally, the webmasters of the numerous other Illinois state agencies are not under the de jure supervision of the Secretary. Thus, direction from the ISL concerning practices for information construction and metadata tagging cannot be "enforced", but must rather be "cajoled". The ISL staff has taken the approach of facilitating "taking the better path". For example, they provide web-accessible fill-in-the-blanks forms that generate the appropriate metadata tags for use by authors of State of Illinois web pages, an enumerated classification system embodied in the metadata generator, and explanatory, rationale, and motivational material concerning metadata usage in general [19] [23].

Definitions and Scope of the Archival Problem

The Illinois State Archives [24] considers the difference between a "document" or "publication" and a "record" to be that the retention of the record is somehow formally required, and that a record may not be disposed of without some for of approval or directive [25]. Further, while publication of a document is generally specifically mandated, its retention period is often unspecified. Until or unless information to the contrary can be obtained, a document is presumed to be retained "forever".

The language of legislation and the Illinois Administrative Code has not caught up with the emergence of the web and other Internet technologies, but the matter is under discussion, and guidelines have been issued concerning scanned versions of physical documents [26]. Archivist concerns address issues of media lifetime and commercial viability, availability of suitable software to view electronic contents, the ease of inadvertent deletion, the maelstrom of competing and evolving file format standards. Archivists have formerly been concerned primarily with "primary sources", and not so much with materials derived therefrom [25]. Thus, while a master copy of a high-resolution state highway map would be of concern, a simplified copy to provide motorists directions on some web site has not been viewed as appropriately archived. E-mail and associated informational lists operated by the state are not considered suitable for archiving.

In the interest of long-term survivability, the Illinois Archives [26] recommends "... that digital records with a retention value of more than ten years be backed up on microfilm or paper", and "... that every textual record an agency creates is reducible to the ASCII format". In the interest of surviving disastrous events, notes "For the past two thousand years, nothing has helped information survive natural and man-made disasters more than redundancy...". The copies of electronic documents made by the system being constructed under this grant will duplicate those materials off-site from their original location, and will also support copying onto any electronic media type that should emerge in the future.

The Role of Metadata in Facilitating Search

As promoted in the Find-It! Illinois Agency Guide to Indexing Websites [23], consistent use of a consistent set of metadata would support better searching across multiple State of Illinois web sites by the citizenry. User queries can potentially be cross-cutting (e.g., a query about a certain park should perhaps trigger retrieval of web pages from both the Department of Natural Resources and the Department of Transportation, if, say, the main access roads to that park are undergoing repair).

Also, searchers would not need to know a priori which agency happens to have administrative custody of the literature on a particular topic at a given moment in time. This is particularly desirable in that organizational responsibilities frequently change. The electronic archive will strongly benefit from consistent use of metadata in cases where a search is made for documents that are part of programs for which administrative custody has changed over the life of the archive.

More complex cross-domain queries may not be supportable in the absence of appropriate metadata, as keyword occurrence measures are generally unable to determine themes and topicality of documents.

As part of the larger grant effort, a schema suitable for retention of the web sites' metadata will be created. The initial reviews and intentions for that schema is presented herein. Metadata fields retained are planned to be;

as currently recommended by ISL, reflecting their synthesis of prior work from some other states into Find-It! Illinois [21], or
as currently in use at any of the five test agency web sites, or
as designed by GSLIS and summarized in this report and subsequent associated memoranda, in light of the information made available from operation of the web spider, or through a combination of points of information when a retrieved file is compared against the earlier-archived copy.

Other Potential Applications for the Archive System

In addition to formal government applications, the system may be very useful to arbitrary projects that are continually evolving, and that need to capture their history as it plays out across their web pages over time. Accordingly, spidering experiments already have processed the web sites of;

the Rare Books and Manuscripts Section of the American Libraries Association [27],
the GSLIS Inquiry Page project [28], and
the National Science Foundation's Digital Libraries Initiative ("DLI-2") project coordination office [29],

in addition to the much more extensive testing involving the selected web sites of those agencies of the State of Illinois.

DESIGN INTENT

The design of the Illinois system reflects an overall commitment to achieving a solution that is compatible with typically limited budgets of state and municipal agencies and of other small groups. As such, the use of very large and expensive search engine and data acquisition facilities, as are being tried elsewhere, are precluded here. The system is intended to be constructed entirely of freely obtainable software. Under terms of the various licenses (e.g., GNU public license), this material will be obtainable from either the original providers of long standing, or from the web site for this project [4]. Material constructed as part of this grant will be made freely available, on our web site.

The principal freeware software modules mentioned above will be interconnected much like Figure 1. Interconnection scripts to date have been written in BASH shell commands [30], PERL [31] [32], AWK [33], and EX editor macros [34] -- all standard, free, UNIX components. It is intended to port all locally scripts to PERL to minimize the number of UNIX components upon which the project software is dependent.

The operation of the wget web spider is controlled by many parameters that must be supplied on the command line when the spider is started. As command-line syntax is not particularly user-friendly, and as administrators of the archive system should not be presumed to even have access to the host machine, web-based access to the control parameters is particularly desirable. By encapsulating the parameter set for each web site in a specified Extensible Markup Language (XML) [35] file, the parameter sets can be made much more maintainable. The XML files themselves will be editable using any text editor, and a simple web server script will be created to provide editing capability remotely, and under password control.

Figure 1. Overall archive system architecture.

The current version of the XML Document Type Descriptor (DTD) is provided in Appendix A.1. Variable values in this application should have some form of default behavior. The default values are also describable by filling in an XML document, compliant with the same DTD. Storing default values in XML format will allow a new archive site (e.g., a download, done by some unknown party) to have default behaviors that differ from the "factory version" of the archive toolkit, without necessitating they re-specify these behaviors for every web site they wish to archive. The current version of the default values is provided in Appendix A.2. The values for a specific web site should then override any of those defaults. An example using the current version of the parameters for the Illinois Department of Transportation's web site is provided in Appendix A.3.

Web pages for administrator operation of the archive, and for user entry into the archive are planned to be minimalist HTML. It appears the FORMs provisions of HTML 2.0 will suffice. This streamlined design will support the widest range of users and user hardware facilities, specifically including (1) handicapped users, as required by [36], (2) low-bandwidth users such as Prairienet users with the Lynx text-only web browser, and (3) users with hardware necessitating content format adaptation, including wireless access devices, and handicapped access devices. Of course, the retrieved content itself will be as its author made it. But, access, control, and management features of the archive need not be inaccessible. Archive operation, if not its content, will also be browser-independent, allowing users their choice between the two currently most popular web browsers.

The archive must support acquiring the wide variety of file formats being encountered on the web. Appendix B lists the formats the archive is currently configured to support. Unfortunately, new formats are continually being introduced. Changes to the archive to support a new format are relatively straightforward, requiring only that a file type be determined to be either ASCII or non-ASCII. ASCII file archival is more storage efficient, more portable, and more amenable to subsequent data mining and search operations.

CONSTRUCTION & RESULTS TO DATE

Operational Prototype Sites

A complete working copy [37] of the original Department of Transportation website [14] has been created by the manual sequence of;

invoking wget on the target site,
storing the resulting file tree under CVS version control,
retrieving the entire site content from CVS (to ensure CVS is not damaging the binary files in the process), and
placing the retrieved file tree under a passworded path in the document space of an Apache web server.

The reader is encouraged to try these copied web sites, and to compare their behavior with the originals. Very many of the features work to support browsing, including the use of hyperlinks, embedded images, and some JavaScripts. A number of relatively isolated problems remain, many of these deriving from seemingly erroneous use of the underlying HTML in a webpage.

Sites that query scripts on the parent server generally do not work, although they may work at the moment as the original site still exists in a form that exactly matches the needs of the archived page. That is, the archived page may be calling the "live" site.

Notable among the failures is that files retrieved by JavaScripts or the execution of Java applets or Active-X controls are not retrieved by the wget spider. Thus, those files will not reside on the archive server, and the active code that attempts to reference those files will fail. A notable example of this is the use of the "mouseover" features in JavaScript to toggle to a new image when a user passes the mouse cursor over a button or region on the webpage. The alternate image will fail to load from the archive, giving an empty rectangular frame in its place.

Site Statistics

The sizes of the test sites, and the number of META tags encountered are listed in Table 1. The META tags encapsulated in those files are one of the three defining sources of what the metadata schema must support, and, correspondingly, what sort of searches will be available beyond simple keyword matching.

IMLS-PEP Test Web Site	Total Web Site: Size in Bytes, # Documents	# of Markup-Formatted Documents	# of META Tags	Remarks
Department of Transportation @200111302101	620949504 7286	1312	1461
Secretary of State @200111301614	154144768 1525	841	1531
Department of Natural Resources @200112010004	508919808 9305	5107	8374	Other unusual file names (e.g., containing punctuation or space characters) suggest the spider encountered syntax errors or became confused in light of hardware platform dissimilarities as discussed below.
Department of Revenue @200111301312	84639744 3379	1678	3308
Illinois Pollution Control Board @200111301754	364077056 2597	202	762	The website contains 2 files or directories with UNIX metacharacters in their names, which interfere with the statistics gathering programs.
Total for IMLS-PEP Test Sites	1732730880 24092	9140	15436

Table 1. Observed sizes of test sites, and extent of metadata use.

Configuration Problems Encountered

Wget must be set to "make links relative" in order to support relocation of sites to an archive server. Otherwise, embedded anchors will continue to point back to the parent site, and all embedded links relative to "docroot" (i.e., the top-most document directory reachable by the web server in its operation) on the parent site will break.

Vendor Incompatibility Problems Encountered

Sites use multiple authoring tools and multiple types of host computers (i.e., Windows, Mac, UNIX) for content development. This causes all possible combinations of "newline" (i.e., end-of-line) characters to be used. Wget does not standardize the files it downloads, so an additional step was added to the processing to ensure line-breaks are sensible.

Web software vendors have not followed suit with the UNIX convention of case-sensitive names. In particular, Microsoft's web servers are case-insensitive. For example, the use of case in the user's input of a URL to a browser, or the use of case in an HTML tag referencing a URL need not match the use of case in the directory and file names on a Microsoft web server. Unless special measures are taken (e.g., the mod_speling module is compiled in to Apache servers [10]) use of case must be entirely consistent on UNIX web servers (the original web servers), or file retrieval will fail. The Department of Natural Resources site exhibits this problem. Each unique spelling, considered on a case-sensitive basis, of a file path and name cause a separate file retrieval by wget (e.g., "A.htm" and "a.htm" would be stored twice in the archive, and would be considered to be distinct). Thus, the following file groups show examples of files that are stored more than once, under file or path names that differ in use the of case.

./dnr.state.il.us/orep/inrin/ctap/CTAP 2summary.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/orep/inrin/CTAP/CTAP 2summary.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/orep/INRIN/ctap/CTAP 2summary.htm

./dnr.state.il.us/lands/education/interprt/Caverns Permit.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/lands/education/INTERPRT/giant_city/Fall Programs, 2002.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/lands/education/INTERPRT/giant_city/Summer Programs, 2002.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/lands/Education/INTERPRT/Junior Naturalist Program.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/lands/Education/interprt/Junior Naturalist Program.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/lands/Education/INTERPRT/Junior Naturalist Activity Page.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/lands/Education/interprt/Junior Naturalist Activity Page.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/lands/Education/INTERPRT/Seasonal Programs.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/lands/Education/interprt/Seasonal Programs.htm

./dnr.state.il.us/ocd/ACE/Bios/Dwight Hanson Bio.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/OCD/ACE/Bios/Dwight Hanson Bio.htm

./dnr.state.il.us/ocd/ACE/Bios/Bender, Andrew.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/OCD/ACE/Bios/Bender, Andrew.htm

./dnr.state.il.us/ocd/ACE/Bios/Roseboom, Don.htm
./dnr.state.il.us/OCD/ACE/Bios/Roseboom, Don.htm

The Department of Transportation web site contains 54 files or directories with spaces in their names, including those listed just above. Such naming can be supported directly by a web server, depending upon its configuration. If not so configured, a web server requires the URL arrive with a "%20" in place of any blanks in the file name in order to correctly serve the file. Thus, to retrieve the file

http://dnr.state.il.us/ocd/ACE/Bios/Roseboom, Don.htm

from a UNIX server, the user must type the URL

http://dnr.state.il.us/ocd/ACE/Bios/Roseboom,%20Don.htm

in to the web browser. Two files at the Pollution Control Board web site also exhibit this problem.

The wget spider uses URLs it encounters in HTML documents to identify subsequent files to retrieve. The spider treats all URLs as case-sensitive. As noted above, some servers are not case sensitive. Thus, if wget encounters a second URL pointing to the same target web page, but that is spelled using a variation on the case used in the first URL, wget will again ask the server for the file identified by the spelling of the second URL. The case-insensitive server will then respond with the exact same file as formerly transmitted. The spider will then store this duplicate file under the case-sensitive spelling provided in the second URL. The spider then winds up with multiple files, having the same content, but differing in the case used in their filenames or in the names of directories along their path. To prevent this from happening, additional programming must be done to change all URLs and filenames into a consistent case (e.g., use uppercase throughout), for all files that originated on case-insensitive servers. It may be possible to make these modifications to the wget spider and to contribute them back to the wget development community for incorporation into subsequent versions of the freeware.

The Department of Transportation web site contains 211 files with an ampersand in their names. The ampersand is a UNIX "metacharacter" (i.e., a character with special functional meaning), and must appear in "escaped form" (i.e., as the string "\&"), if it appears at all. Commonly used UNIX analytical tools often cannot process a file with such a name.

Use of these sometimes-special characters, and vendor-specific practices interfere with the analytical and archival tools on other platforms. And, they would interfere with the administrative process of re-hosting a web site to another server type (which, essentially, the archive project is trying to do, automatically).

THE ROLE OF METADATA IN THE PROJECT

The Metadata Generator, and Prior Classification Work by ISL

The state government web page classification enumeration was devised by ISL for Illinois use. It is listed in Appendix D. It is based heavily on a predecessor, "WaGILS", by the Washington State Library [38] [39]. The hierarchy can be traversed using the category tree provided on the Illinois Government Information web page [40]. These values are stored in the CLASSIFICATION variant of the META tag.

Other measures such as authority control, while essential for effective search, are not yet in place statewide. For example, the Metadata Generator suggests a date format of "MMDDYYYY", but the script does not enforce that. (Date values are stored in the "createDate" and "dateofLastModification" variants of the META tag.) There are no controls on the various lines of a mailing address, nor for the formatting of telephone numbers.

The Metadata Generator web page [22] also suggests the use of unambiguous web page titles, containing time specifications so that one web page can be distinguished from another very much like it. (These values are stored in the "siteTitle" variant of the META tag.) Examples are provided, for this field and for others, but the software does not enforce any conventions.

Possible Improvements to the Metadata Generator

A possible improvement to the Metadata Generator would be to prompt the user for sub-fields, and then to agglomerate these into an authority-controlled format. For example, dates could be prompted for via pull-down entries for date, month, and year, and then a date string could be written to the appropriate META tag. The present system simply moves the user's typing directly into the META tags without performing any legality checks.

Another possible tool would relocate user prompting and input processing to an active component such as a Java applet, a JavaScript, or an Active-X control. The active component could be the place where consistency checks and standardization processing occur, thus shortening the path to accomplish user feedback. Such an implementation may not be desirable on the grounds of platform portability, on due to lack of compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Alternatively, to stay with the web FORM processing mechanism and its desirable universality, the server script could be expanded to perform consistency checks and standardization processing. That is, instead of simply using the user's input verbatim, the script might warn or advise the user upon detection of spelling errors, omissions, or use of deprecated terminology. As web site practices are not controlled by the ISL, the user would expect to be able to override any warnings.

Limitations of the META Tag, in Theory

Having only the HTML META tag available to convey metadata information imposes two significant limitations:

The metadata values supplied by the authors are ultimately arbitrary character strings. While state libraries and standards bodies may encourage the use of authority control measures, there is no mechanism within HTML itself to ensure authors comply with such measures. Additionally, data values may not be specified as to type (e.g., a character string may be entered in a field where an integer number was expected, such as when a user enters "N/A" instead of "0").
There is no place to put META tags inside files containing other than SGML-influenced markup languages. For example, none of these metadata provisions may be used verbatim in image files or most word processor files (e.g., Microsoft Word's *.doc, and Adobe Acrobat's *.pdf). And, although some other formats contain places for some metadata fields (e.g., Microsoft's "document properties"), extracting them from files in a proprietary format would require additional software development.

Limitations of the META Tag, in Practice

The count of META tags in Table 1 is generally discouraging. Three (i.e., Department of Transportation, Department of Natural Resources, and Secretary of State) of the five agencies in the test baseline exhibit substantive progress in metadata implementation. Of those three sites, an average of 1.8 META tags per markup-language document reflects how very little the encouragement of ISL has penetrated to date. The situation is even worse than it might appear in that several META tags (see examples following) are effectively character string constants for all State of Illinois web pages, and may have wound up in live web pages simply because they were in an HTML template file.

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="rating" content="General">
<meta name="distribution" content="Global">
<meta name="medium" content="Web Site">
<meta name="govType" content="State">

So, for every use of a constant template a handful of META tags will be put in a document, and into the statistics of Table 1. That would mean the number of META tags that someone deliberately thought about including would be far below the average of 1.8 per web page.

Web page authoring tools also generally inject at least their identity as a META tag, as in

This information is basically useless for indexing purposes. It may help in constructing parsers that defend against know-deficient HTML practices by the authoring tool. The presence of this tag is possibly an effective form of advertising for the tool vendor, in that it could be construed as some form of endorsement of the tool by the state organization using the tool to do its web work. If 1.0 of the 1.9 META tags per document is just advertising injected by the authoring tool used, the usage of META tags by authors would fall to the average of 0.8 per document.

The frequency of use of the most widely used META tags is listed in Table 2. Note that the strictly pro forma "http-equiv", "prog-id", "VI60_DTCScriptingPlatform", "TEMPLATE", and "generator" tags vastly outnumber the usage of all other tags, with the exception of the "subject" variant used extensively in the Department of Natural Resources web site.

Metadata Term	Dept. of Transportation	Secretary of State	Dept. of Revenue	Dept. of Natural Resources	Pollution Control Board
Tags from the ISL Metadata Generator
http-equiv	70	783	0	1734	170
CLASSIFICATION	114	105	0	277	0
DISTRIBUTION	48	11	2	104	0
RATING	49	11	0	52	0
contactState	48	12	0	86	0
siteTitle	48	11	0	79	0
KEYWORDS	56	195	0	272	136
DESCRIPTION	55	22	0	224	136
createDate	2	11	0	18	0
dateofLastModification	1	11	0	18	0
timePeriodTextual	1	10	0	16	0
MEDIUM	48	11	0	16	0
PermanentPublicAccess	48	11	0	16	0
originalControlIdentifier	1	10	0	14	0
agencyProgram	1	10	0	14	0
LINKAGE	1	11	0	16	0
LANGUAGE	48	11	0	23	0
govType	48	10	0	23	0
contactName	1	10	0	18	0
contactOrganization	1	10	0	23	0
contactStreetAddress1	1	10	0	21	0
contactStreetAddress2	1	10	0	20	0
contactCity	1	10	0	28	0
contactZipCode	1	10	0	23	0
contactNetworkAddress	1	11	0	23	0
contactPhoneNumber	1	10	0	23	0
contactFaxNumber	1	10	0	16	0
originatorJurisdiction	1	11	0	23	0
originatorOffice	1	11	0	22	0
originatorDepartment	1	10	0	23	0
originatorDivision	1	10	0	18	0
originatorSection	1	10	0	14	0
Tags observed to be in use
GENERATOR	735	74	1676	2544	124
BUILD	0	0	0	659	0
DATE	0	0	0	90	0
AUTHOR	0	0	0	396	0
ProgID	18	7	0	437	119
VERSION	0	0	0	260	0
CreaTim	0	0	0	151	0
DOCCOMM	0	0	0	207	0
CreatedBy	0	0	0	164	0
TEMPLATE	7	0	0	10	0
THESAURUS	0	41	0	15	0
COPYRIGHT	0	0	0	4	0
DC.Title	0	0	0	6	0
DC.Creator	0	0	0	2	0
Microsoft Theme	0	0	0	56	0
Resource-Type	0	0	0	12	0
ROBOT	0	0	0	8	0
SUBJECT	1	0	1632	0	0
VI60_DTCScriptingPlatform	0	0	0	0	57
All other tags	0	7	0	83	0

Table 2. Frequency of use of specific META tags at the test sites.

In preparing Table 2, a number of metadata terms were found that did not match those in use at other sites. For examples, note;

the use of two Dublin Core [41] [42] tags for a grand total of eight times (the Metadata Generator was "Dublin Core inspired", but adapted by the Washington State Library [39] and ISL for use in state governments.),
some combination of "contactName" and "contactOrganization" seems to fulfill the roles of "AUTHOR" and "CreatedBy" at the Department of Natural Resources web site [18],
"createDate" from the Metadata Generator [22] seems to cover the same function as "DATE" and "CreaTim" at the Department of Natural Resources web site [18], and
some combination of "originalControlIdentifier" and "dateofLastModification" from the Metadata Generator [22] seems to cover the same functions as do "BUILD" and "VERSION" at the Department of Natural Resources web site [18].

No Mechanism to Label Time-Variant Projects

Upon inspection of the Department of Natural Resources web site [18] in view of its 83 META tags not matching those most frequently used elsewhere, it was discovered that the site uses several tags that seem related to division of work along project or regional lines.

<meta name="EcoWatch" content="Regional Offices">
<meta name="Region 1" content="Oregon">
<meta name="Region 2" content="Oakton">
<meta name="Region 3" content="Heartland Community College">
<meta name="Region 4" content="Quincy University">
<meta name="Region 4" content="Lewis and Clark">
<meta name="Region 5" content="Marion">

There is no mechanism currently declared in the Metadata Generator for exactly such metadata, although the "agencyProgram" addresses one of the upper levels of abstraction along these lines.

The Metadata Generator does offer a hierarchical decomposition of an organization (see the terms beginning with "organization" in Table 2), but in matrix organizations and ad hoc teaming arrangements, projects may involve employees drawn from many parts of the organization. A plausible set of META names to indicate projects or regions might be;

"agencyProject", and
"agencyProjectPhase".

For purposes of this paper, approval of those proposed variants of the META tag will be assumed. This assumption will result in the creation of data storage slots in the schema, which may at worst go unfilled. If changes to this assumption are necessary, an updating memorandum will be issued and placed in the software documentation.

Existing Use of Unstructured Subject Classifications

The Department of Revenue web site [17] uses an unstructured SUBJECT variant of the META tag in lieu of the CLASSIFICATION tag developed and recommended by ISL. Further examination of SUBJECT variant use shows it to contain information that is a mixture of what the Metadata Generator [22] advocates be used in the "siteTitle" and "timePeriodTextual" variants, and as various enumerated choices in the CLASSIFICATION variant such as those beginning with "Government finance and taxes" (see Appendixes C and D).

In the interest of optimal support for the Department of Revenue web site, the design of the Metadata Generator should be revisited, considering the list of SUBJECT variants already in use at the Department of Revenue. It is not known if the requisite cooperation of the site maintenance staff for the Department of Revenue web site, or any site, will be readily obtainable to support any revisions within their documents.

Values such as the following were encountered in the SUBJECT variants.

Illinois Department of Revenue - Tax Information
1999 Annual Report
1998 Annual Report
Income Tax
1997 Annual Report Table of Contents
Tables Directory
Graphs Directory
Department Accomplishments
Glossary of Terms
Total Revenue Collected by IDOR
Economic Overview
Payment and Filing Alternatives
Other Taxes

Metadata Supplied by or Discernable from Spider Operations and Version Control Systems

The wget spider will provide date and time information on all files it retrieves. If the server provides a date and time of last modification of the file, that information will be used in the file wget creates under the UNIX file system. Otherwise, the local (spider) time as of the downloading of the file will be used on the file. The date and time on the file are therefore not necessarily analogous to a date of publication, but it is the only information available. An author may consider publication to occur when a document leaves his or her desk, or when it is physically printed (e.g., in a brochure or letter), so dates associated with web versions of documents should always remain somewhat suspect.

Further, the way some servers are configured, the date and time returned with a file are always the time of file retrieval. Thus, file date and time cannot be reliably used to indicate that a freshly downloaded file is in fact different from the previous copy of that file held in the archive. The contents of the freshly downloaded file must be compared against the contents of the file in the archive to determine if the file in fact differs. Only detection of a difference should trigger posting the new version of the file to the archive.

An interpretation of the value of the file date and time, for files stored in the archive, would then be "the date and time of file creation or change (if known), or of the moment when that creation or change was first detected by the archival system." A metadata field is thus needed to store this date and time information, which may well differ from any official date of publication information provided, or not, in the META tags internal to the document.

The UNIX file system also provides the sizes of each file. This information is sometimes, but less reliably, included within the HTTP header used to transmit the file from the server to the spider. Size information may be useful in some searches, and is not provided in any of the other META tags previously mentioned.

A number of metadata fields are optionally transmitted by a web server [43]. A change in web site operations simply to facilitate archive operations is not expected. But, while these fields cannot be relied upon to arrive, the possibility of their arrival should be supported. Extensive spider program code modifications to capture these fields is not possible due to budgetary limitations. The HTTP header fields which appear useful as metadata for the archive, and which provide information not available directly from the UNIX file system are;

"Expires" -- a date and time after which the contents of this page are not to be used, and are to be replaced by re-fetching the page from the server,
"Content-Type" or MIME encoding identifier (potentially very valuable in determining if unrecognized files are binary or text formats),
"Last-Modified" -- the date and time of last file modification on the server,
"Version" -- although there is no authority control yet in place for the contents of this field,
"Derived-From" -- although there is no authority control yet in place for the contents of this field, the examples show use of an earlier version number here, and
Content-Language -- an ISO 3316 language code with an optional ISO 639 country code to specify a national variant.

Other HTTP header fields such as "cost", "link", "URI", and "Message-Id" are either currently unspecified, or critically dependent upon the existence of nomenclature, lookup, and broker services that do not now exist.

The spider in use (wget) does not pass any HTTP header information along with the files themselves. However, the verbose version of the spider's execution log does contain some of the header information, in a manner that should easily be extractable via parsing, and therefore useable in the archive. The log identifies;

"Server type" (which may be useful to identify the Microsoft servers, and when case-insensitivity in naming is appropriate),
"Date" (although the contents of this field seem to be only the date and time of the retrieval, not of the creation of the file as required in [43],
"Content-Type", as described above,
"Last-Modified", as described above,
"Content-Length" (for binary files only), and
a seemingly unique string labeled "etag" with unrecognized contents.

Metadata Integration and Schema Definition

The metadata fields derived from these three sources are not organized and standardized into compound structures to indicate relatedness, groupings, or hierarchies. Rather, the relative immaturity and lack of enforcement of metadata usage standards and conventions currently allows authors to inject much interpretation into how, and in what combinations, they use the various fields. Accordingly, a "flat file" organization (i.e., where all the fields are siblings within a single record) of the metadata is all that is indicated at the moment. When field groupings become more standardized, compound records can be created along the lines of database schema design principles [44].

Dealing with the large number of site-unique META variants evidenced in Table 2 raises the problems of whether such variants should be retained, and if so, how are they to be retained so as to support subsequent search? The mechanism to be used in the archive will be to provide a META variant essentially meaning "none of the above" -- that a META tag was encountered that does not match the tags officially defined or supported. That archived tag will have a NAME field that contains the same contents as the tag encountered in the HTML document, with a prefixed "LocalTag--" (e.g., "ROBOT" would become "LocalTag--ROBOT"). The data contents of the archived tag will be the same as the data contents of the tag originally encountered in the HTML document. This will at least pass the metadata activities to date at the various agencies in to the search engine so that they may be used. Improving tag standardization will, when that occurs, improve search efficiency.

The vast majority of retained metadata fields must be considered optional, in that they may not be available from source materials. It would be possible, say, under a grant, to retrofit values into these fields of the database in the archive. In such a way, explorations of more demanding forms of searching could be supported without requiring extensive, coordinated administrative assistance from the multiple agencies that operate State of Illinois web sites.

The fields derived by this paper are as specified in Table 3. Fields from the Metadata Generator [22] are retained verbatim. Fields obtained from spider operation (excluding those of the HTTP header) are prefixed "Spider--". Fields obtained from the HTTP header (here, by parsing the execution log of the spider, are prefixed "HTTP--". Fields added as a result of this examination are prefixed "eArchives--". Fields from other sources are explained.

Metadata Term	Retain Existing Version	Discard	Map Onto Other Term(s)	Remarks	Resulting Field Name
Tags from the ISL Metadata Generator
http-equiv		x			N/A
CLASSIFICATION	x				CLASSIFICATION
DISTRIBUTION	x			Can be inferred for Illinois sites.	DISTRIBUTION
RATING	x			Can be inferred for Illinois sites.	RATING
contactState	x			Can be inferred for Illinois sites.	contactState
siteTitle	x				siteTitle
KEYWORDS	x				KEYWORDS
DESCRIPTION	x				DESCRIPTION
createDate	x				createDate
dateofLastModification	x				dateofLastModification
timePeriodTextual	x				timePeriodTextual
MEDIUM	x			Can be inferred, as all documents arrive here as a web page.	MEDIUM
PermanentPublicAccess	x				PermanentPublicAccess
originalControlIdentifier	x				originalControlIdentifier
agencyProgram	x				agencyProgram
LINKAGE	x				LINKAGE
LANGUAGE	x				LANGUAGE
govType	x			Can be inferred for Illinois sites.	govType
contactName	x				contactName
contactOrganization	x				contactOrganization
contactStreetAddress1	x				contactStreetAddress1
contactStreetAddress2	x				contactStreetAddress2
contactCity	x				contactCity
contactZipCode	x				contactZipCode
contactNetworkAddress	x				contactNetworkAddress
contactPhoneNumber	x				contactPhoneNumber
contactFaxNumber	x				contactFaxNumber
originatorJurisdiction	x				originatorJurisdiction
originatorOffice	x				originatorOffice
originatorDepartment	x				originatorDepartment
originatorDivision	x				originatorDivision
originatorSection	x				originatorSection
Tags observed to be in use
GENERATOR		x			N/A
BUILD			originalControlIdentifier, dateofLastModification		as mapped, or with use of "Local--" prefix.
DATE			createDate		as mapped, or with use of "Local--" prefix.
AUTHOR			contactName, contactOrganization		as mapped, or with use of "Local--" prefix.
ProgID		x			N/A
VERSION			originalControlIdentifier, dateofLastModification		as mapped, or with use of "Local--" prefix.
CreaTim			createDate		as mapped, or with use of "Local--" prefix.
CreatedBy			contactName		as mapped, or with use of "Local--" prefix.
TEMPLATE		x			N/A
Microsoft Theme		x			N/A
SUBJECT					Local--SUBJECT, until time can be spent to re-catalog as per [22].
VI60_DTCScriptingPlatform		x			N/A
All other tags encountered				Retain, as a general rule.	Use the "Local--" prefix. And, see discussion concerning the agencyInitiative series of tags.
Tags obtainable from spider operation
file timestamp				Use as a secondary source of information to fill in the ISL field dateofLastModification as this derives entirely from server-provided data.	dateofLastModification
file size					Spider--FileSize
Tags obtainable from HTTP headers
Expires				Not implemented in this project.	HTTP--Expires
Content-Type				MIME	HTTP--Content-Type
Last-Modified				Use as a secondary source of information to fill in the ISL field dateofLastModification as the server only knows of modification of the server-resident copy of the document, not the master document.	HTTP--FileDate
Derived-From				Not implemented under current budget limits.	HTTP--DerivedFrom
server type				Server type designation indicates if prohibited characters may appear in names.	HTTP--ServerType
Content-Length				Information in this field is less dependable than the size as provided by the UNIX file system.	Spider--FileSize
all other HTTP header fields		x			N/A
Tags added by this technical report
agencyProject				After ISL's agencyProgram	agencyProject or eArchives--agencyProject
agencyProjectPhase				After ISL's agencyProgram	agencyProjectPhase or eArchives--agencyProjectPhase

Table 3. Metadata fields to be retained in the archive.

CAPSTONE EFFORTS: THE SEARCH FACILITY

The design, collection, and retention of document metadata is to support the eventual construction of a search and retrieval facility for the archive. This search facility is proposed to incorporate keyword search, metadata search, and retrieval of all applicable versions of a target document. That is, if a search indicates versions 2 through 4 of a given document are all relevant, the search engine should identify this to the user, and should offer to retrieve any of those versions of the document.

It is planned to begin the evolution of this search facility using the Isearch freeware keyword search engine. Isearch is SGML-markup-aware, that is, it can constrain its searches on the basis of angle-bracket-delineated wrapper tags such as those used in SGML, XML, and HTML.

One open design issue is how to identify to the user that a retrieved document is an archived version and not the current information from the State of Illinois. A number of options are possible, such as wrapping the retrieved site in possibly another HTML FRAME, or of injecting a block of text and imagery at the top of a retrieved HTML page, as is done by Google [45]. But, multiply nested FRAMEs would be undesirable from an understandability standpoint. The implementation selected will have to be in compliance with the American's with Disabilities Act, which is problematic when FRAMEs are used.

The larger open problem is how to convince state agencies that are unfamiliar with basic principles of library-like cataloging that use of descriptive, and authority-controlled metadata is of considerable value to web site users. The system designed here would support transforming a site into a "showpiece" demonstration vehicle through the retroactive addition of metadata fields the original authors did not supply. Suitably trained ISL staff could examine the pages of the demonstration site, and add the missing metadata to the archives database. Then, suitable demonstration queries could be constructed that show how use of the ISL metadata improves the support for searching of the site and its archives.

REFERENCES

[1] The Illinois State Library homepage
http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/library/isl/isl.html

[2] State Library of Ohio web page
http://winslo.state.oh.us/

[3] Institute of Museum and Library Service homepage
http://www.imls.gov/

[4] Larry S. Jackson, 2001. Preserving Electronic Publications project, software development public webpage.
http://realfun.isrl.uiuc.edu/eArchives/

[5] Larry S. Jackson, 2001. Preserving Electronic Publications project, private status report and demonstrations webpage
http://realfun.isrl.uiuc.edu/eArchives/private/
User ID and password provided separately -- contact the author at lsjackso@uiuc.edu.

[6] Linux homepage
http://www.linux.org/

[7] Free Software Foundation. GNU wget homepage
http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/wget.html

[8] Concurrent Versions System (CVS) homepage
http://www.cvshome.org/

[9] Apache Software Foundation. Apache homepage
http://www.apache.org/

[10] Mohammed J. Kabir. Apache Server Administrator's Handbook. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., Foster City, CA. 1999.

[11] mySQL homepage
http://www.mysql.com/

[12] Coalition for Networked Information Discovery and Retrieval. Isearch Text Search Engine web page.
http://www.cnidr.org/isearch.html

[13] Milori ISearch web page
http://www.milori.com/products/isearch/

[14] Illinois Department of Transportation homepage
http://www.dot.state.il.us/

[15] Illinois Secretary of State homepage
http://www.sos.state.il.us/
and
http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/

[16] Illinois Pollution Control Board homepage
http://www.ipcb.state.il.us/

[17] Illinois Department of Revenue homepage
http://www.revenue.state.il.us/

[18] Illinois Department of Natural Resources homepage
http://dnr.state.il.us/

[19] Illinois State Library. "Resources for Illinois State Agency Webmasters" web page
http://www.finditillinois.org/metadata/webmasters.htm

[20] Illinois Secretary of State's Office. "About the Office" webpage
http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/about/about.html

[21] "Find-It! Illinois" homepage
http://finditillinois.org/

[22] Illinois State Library. "Metadata Generator" web page
http://www.finditillinois.org/metadata/index.html

[23] Find-It! Illinois, Agency Guide to Indexing Websites
http://www.finditillinois.org/metadata/indexingsites.htm

[24] Illinois State Archives webpage
http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/archives/archives.html

[25] Mark Sorrenson, Assistant Director, Illinois State Archives, December 3, 2001. Explanations during PEP project meeting at the Illinois State Library in Springfield, IL.

[26] Illinois State Archives, April, 2001. Electronic Records and the Illinois Local Records Act: Guidelines for Using Electronic Records webpage
http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/archives/records_management/electrecs.html

[27] American Library Association. Rare Books and Manuscripts Section (RBMS) web page
http://www.rbms.nd.edu

[28] The Inquiry Page project homepage
http://www.inquiry.uiuc.edu/

[29] The National Science Foundation's Digital Libraries Initiative ("DLI-2") project coordination homepage
http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/

[30] Bill Rosenblatt. Learning the Korn Shell. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, CA. 1993.

[31] PERL homepage
http://www.perl.com/

[32] Comprehensive PERL Archive Network homepage
http://www.cpan.org/

[33] Alfred V. Aho, Brian W. Kernighan, Peter J. Weinberger. The AWK Programming Language. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA. 1988.

[34] Linda Lamb. Learning the vi Editor. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, CA. 1994.

[35] World Wide Web Consortium. "Extensible Markup Language (XML)" web page
http://www.w3.org/XML/

[36] United States Code. Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act (29 U.S.C. § 794(d))
http://www.access-board.gov/about/Rehab%20Act%20Amend-508.htm

[37] Larry S. Jackson, 2001. Preserving Electronic Publications project, private complete working copy of the State of Illinois Department of Transportation website
http://www.canis.uiuc.edu/~lsjackso/eArchives/DeptTransportation/www.dot.state.il.us/
user ID and password provided separately.

[38] Nancy Zussy. The Birth and Development of Find-It!: Washington State's Government Information Locator Service", in First Monday, volume 5, number 6 (June 2000),
http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue5_6/zussy/index.html

[39] Washington State Library homepage
http://www.statelib.wa.gov/

[40] Illinois Government Information webpage
http://findit.sos.state.il.us:2000/compass

[41] Dublin Core Metadata Initiative web page
http://dublincore.org/

[42] Arlene G. Taylor. The Organization of Information. Libraries Unlimited, Inc., Englewood, CO. 1999.

[43] World Wide Web Consortium. "Object MetaInforamtion" web page.
http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/Object_Headers.html

[44] Jeffrey D. Ullman. Principles of Database Systems. Computer Science Press, Rockville, MD. 1980.

[45] Google search engine web page
http://www.google.com

APPENDIXES

Appendix A: XML Formatting of System Control Parameters

A.1 -- Document Type Definition

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>:
<!ELEMENT SiteParameters (Host, SlangName?, TopURL?, PollPeriodicity?, NextPolling, FileOfURLs?, FileIsHtml?, Delay?, Debug?, Retries?, Timeout?, UserID?, Password?, IgnoreLength?, DepthLimit?, RelativizeLinks, DomainsAccepted?, DomainsExcluded?, SpanHosts?, IncludedDirectories?, ExcludedDirectories?, ParentDirectories?)>
<!ELEMENT Host (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT SlangName (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT TopURL (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT PollPeriodicity (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT NextPolling (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT FileOfURLs (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT FileIsHtml (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT Delay (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT Debug (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT Retries (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT Timeout (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT UserID (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT Password (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT IgnoreLength (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT DepthLimit (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT RelativizeLinks (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT DomainsAccepted (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT DomainsExcluded (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT SpanHosts (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT IncludedDirectories (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT ExcludedDirectories (#PCDATA)>:
<!ELEMENT ParentDirectories (#PCDATA)>: ; ; ;

A.2 -- System-Wide Default Values

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE SiteParameters SYSTEM "F:\Docs\Docs\- eArchive -- IMLS and IL State Library\Specs\wget.dtd">
<SiteParameters>: <Host/>; <SlangName/>; <TopURL/>; <PollPeriodicity>10080</PollPeriodicity>; <NextPolling/>; <FileOfURLs/>; <FileIsHtml>no</FileIsHtml>; <Delay>9</Delay>; <Debug>no</Debug>; <Retries>7</Retries>; <Timeout>900</Timeout>; <UserID/>; <Password/>; <IgnoreLength>no</IgnoreLength>; <DepthLimit>10</DepthLimit>; <RelativizeLinks>yes</RelativizeLinks>; <DomainsAccepted/>; <DomainsExcluded/>; <SpanHosts>no</SpanHosts>; <IncludedDirectories/>; <ExcludedDirectories/>; <ParentDirectories>yes</ParentDirectories>
</SiteParameters>

A.3 -- Department of Transportation Website Parameters

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!DOCTYPE SiteParameters SYSTEM "F:\Docs\Docs\- eArchive -- IMLS and IL State Library\Specs\wget.dtd">

<Host>www.dot.state.il.us</Host>

<SlangName>DeptTransportation</SlangName>

</SiteParameters>

Appendix B: File Types Currently Supported by the Archive

Binary file types:

Image formats:: *.png *.jpg *.jpe *.jpeg *.bmp *.gif *.tif *.tiff
Document formats:: *.doc *.dot *.pdf *.akf *.apf *.pdx *.ps *.eps *.rtf *.wri *.ppt *.mpp *.mpt *.xls *.pps *.pot
Audio and music formats:: *.mp3 *.au *.aa *.aif *.aifc *.aiff *.323 *.ra *.ram *.mid *.midi
Movie formats:: *.mpeg *.mpg *.rm *.fla *.cam *.avi *.rf *.rv
Archived and/or compressed files:: *.zip *.jar *.arc *.arj *.b64 *.binhex *.gz *.tar *.Z
Executable code:: *.exe *.class *.vbe *.vbs
Fonts:: *.fon
Databases:: *.pdb
Other binary, files:: *.swf *.wmf *.sit *.mso

ASCII-based formats that should not be a problem for CVS:

*.htm *.html *.php3 *.css *.js *.mso *.mht *.s *.txt *.xml *.sgm *.sgml *.log *.dtd *.java *.vrm *.vrml *.xhtml *.xsd *.shtml *.asp

Mixed-mode material that is an open problem for CVS:

Anything served by a script, which may or may not have "cgi" somewhere in the URL. File type cannot necessarily be recognized, although use of the server-supplied MIME type may help.

Appendix C: Sample Metadata from the Illinois State Library's Metadata Generator Web Page


<link rel="WAGILS" href="http://www.statelib.wa.gov/info_rscrs/dbs_tools/find-it/metadesc.htm">

<meta http-equiv="PICS-Label" content='(PICS-1.1 "http://www.weburbia.com/safe/ratings.htm" l r (s 0))'>

<meta name="classification" content="Government">

<meta name="distribution" content="Global">

<meta name="rating" content="General">

<meta name="contactState" content="IL">

<meta name="siteTitle" content="Metadata Sample Appendix, 2001">

<meta name="keywords" content="metadata; GSLIS; electronic archives; web spider; web crawler"> 

<meta name="description" content="This site describes work performed under a sub-award of the IMLS "Preserving Electronic Publications" project to GSLIS.">

<meta name="createDate" content="12062001">

<meta name="dateofLastModification" content="12102001">

<meta name="timePeriodTextual" content="2001-2002, US GFY 2002.">

<meta name="medium" content="Web Site">

<meta name="PermanentPublicAccess" content="yes">

<meta name="originalControlIdentifier" content="LSJ-eArch-1.0">

<meta name="agencyProgram" content="IMLS PEP">

<meta name="linkage" content="http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/">

<meta name="language" content="EN">

<meta name="govType" content="State">

<meta name="contactName" content="Larry S. Jackson">

<meta name="contactOrganization" content="GSLIS">

<meta name="contactStreetAddress1" content="501 East Daniel">

<meta name="contactStreetAddress2" content="">

<meta name="contactCity" content="Champaign">

<meta name="contactZipcode" content="61821">

<meta name="contactNetworkAddress" content="lsjackso@uiuc.edu">

<meta name="contactPhoneNumber" content="+1-217-333-0949">

<meta name="contactFaxNumber" content="+1-217-244-3302">

<meta name="originatorJurisdiction" content="State of Illinois">

<meta name="originatorOffice" content="University of Illinois">

<meta name="originatorDepartment" content="Graduate School of Library and Information Science">

<meta name="originatorDivision" content="Information Systems Research Laboratory">

<meta name="originatorSection" content="Electronic Archives Project">

<meta name="Classification" content="Information management and resources">

<meta name="Classification" content="Information management and resources--Information resources">

<meta name="Classification" content="Information management and resources--Information resources--Government information">

<meta name="Classification" content="Information management and resources--Information resources--Libraries and archives">

Appendix D: Illinois State Library Subject Headings Used in the Metadata Generator for the CLASSIFICATION Variant of the META Tag

Agriculture and food production Agriculture and food production--Agricultural finance Agriculture and food production--Agricultural statistics Agriculture and food production--Agriculture pages for kids Agriculture and food production--Aquaculture Agriculture and food production--Crops Agriculture and food production--Farmlands Agriculture and food production--Fisheries Agriculture and food production--Irrigation Agriculture and food production--Livestock Agriculture and food production--Pesticides Agriculture and food production--Soil erosion Business and industry Business and industry--Banking Business and industry--Business and professional licenses Business and industry--Business and professional licenses--Business licenses Business and industry--Business and professional licenses--Professional licenses Business and industry--Business pages for kids Business and industry--Doing business with government Business and industry--Doing business with government--Defense contracts Business and industry--Doing business with government--Government contracts Business and industry--Doing business with government--Government purchasing Business and industry--Doing business with government--Government surplus property Business and industry--Doing business with government--Vendor forms Business and industry--Economic development Business and industry--Economic forecasts Business and industry--Employment--Employment benefits Business and industry--Employment--Job searching Business and industry--Employment--Job training Business and industry--Employment--Labor laws Business and industry--Employment--Labor laws--Affirmative action Business and industry--Employment--Labor laws--Equal employment opportunity Business and industry--Employment--Labor laws--Workers' rights Business and industry--Employment--Occupations Business and industry--Employment--Professional licenses Business and industry--Employment--Retirement Business and industry--Employment--State employment forms Business and industry--Employment--Unemployment Business and industry--Employment--Unions Business and industry--Employment--Wages and salaries Business and industry--Employment--Workers' compensation Business and industry--Employment--Workfare Business and industry--High tech industry Business and industry--Insurance Business and industry--Insurance--Automobile insurance Business and industry--Insurance--Health insurance and health care coverage Business and industry--Insurance--Health insurance and health care coverage--Disability insurance Business and industry--Insurance--Health insurance and health care coverage--HMOs Business and industry--Insurance--Health insurance and health care coverage--Managed care Business and industry--Insurance--Health insurance and health care coverage--Medicaid Business and industry--Insurance--Health insurance and health care coverage--Medicare Business and industry--Insurance--Health insurance and health care coverage--Uninsured people Business and industry--Insurance--Health insurance--Uninsured people--Workers' compensation Business and industry--Insurance--Insurance forms Business and industry--Insurance--Life insurance Business and industry--Investment Business and industry--Labor laws Business and industry--Labor laws--Affirmative action Business and industry--Labor laws--Equal employment opportunity Business and industry--Labor laws--Workers' rights Business and industry--Manufacturing Business and industry--Mining Business and industry--Small business Business and industry--Special libraries Business and industry--Trade and commerce Business and industry--Unclaimed property City and town government City and town government--Elected municipal officials City and town government--Elected municipal officials--Mayors City and town government--Local government relations City and town government--Mayors City and town government--Municipal agencies City and town government--Municipal employees City and town government--Municipal employees--Elected municipal officials--Mayors City and town government--Municipal employees--Local police City and town government--Municipal facilities City and town government--Municipal finance and audits City and town government--Municipal finance and audits--Grants made by states City and town government--Municipal finance and audits--Grants made by states--Grants application forms Consumer protection and public safety City and town government--Municipal government purchasing City and town government--Municipal ordinances County government County government--County agencies County government--County codes County government--County employees County government--County employees--Elected county officials County government--County employees--Local police County government--County facilities County government--County finance and audits--Grants made by states County government--County finance and audits--Grants made by states--Grant application forms County government--County government purchasing County government--Elected county officials County government--Local government relations Education Education--Adult and continuing education Education--Adult and continuing education--Adult education Education--Adult and continuing education--Continuing education Education--Adult and continuing education--Job training Education--Athletic associations Education--Directories of educational institutions Education--Distance learning Education--Early childhood education Education--Education pages for kids Education--Education programs Education--Educational finance Education--Educational finance--Federal education grants Education--Educational finance--State aid to higher education Education--Educational finance--State aid to schools Education--Educational finance--Student financial aid Education--Educational finance--Tuition tax credits and school vouchers Education--Educational policies Education--Educational policies--School waivers Education--Educational technology Education--English as a second language Education--Extracurricular activites Education--Higher education Education--Higher education--Academic libraries Education--Higher education--Affirmative action Education--Higher education--Community and technical colleges Education--Higher education--Graduate schools Education--Higher education--Private four-year colleges and universities Education--Higher education--Public four-year colleges and universities Education--Higher education--State aid to higher education Education--Higher education--Student financial aid Education--Home schooling Education--Libraries and archives Education--Libraries and archives--Academic libraries Education--Libraries and archives--Library systems Education--Libraries and archives--Public libraries Education--Libraries and archives--School media centers Education--Libraries and archives--Special libraries Education--Literacy Education--Private schools Education--Public schools Education--Public schools--Alternative learning and charter schools Education and--Public schools--Desegregation and diversity Education--Public schools--Elementary schools Education--Public schools--High schools Education--Public schools--Kindergartens Education--Public schools--Middle schools Education--Public schools--School boards Education--Public schools--School districts Education--Public schools--School media centers Education--Public schools--School waivers Education--Public schools--State aid to schools Education--School personnel Education--School personnel--Certification of school personnel Education--School personnel--Educational support staff Education--School personnel--School administrators Education--School personnel--Teachers Education--School personnel--Teachers--Certification of school personnel Education--School personnel--Teachers--Teachers' retirement system Education--School personnel--Teachers--Teachers' retirement system--Teachers' retirement forms Education--Special education Education--Students Education--Students--College students Education--Students--College students--Student financial aid Education--Students--Elementary school students Education--Students--High school students Education--Students--Kindergarten students Education--Students--Middle school students Education and--Test scores Forms Federal government Federal government--Federal agencies Federal government--Federal aid Federal government--Federal aid--Federal grants Federal government--Federal aid--Federal grants--Federal education grants Federal government--Federal government purchasing Federal government--Federal laws Federal government--Federal relations Federal government--Military Federal government--Military--Defense contracts Federal government--Military--Military bases and forts Federal government--Military--National Guard Federal government--Military--Reserves (military) Federal government--Military--Veterans' affairs Federal government--Military--Veterans' affairs--Veterans' 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